Simultaneous transmission of signals, such as orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexed (OFDM) signals, that include a same frequency

ABSTRACT

An embodiment of a transmitter includes detection, generating, and transmission stages. The detection stage is configured to detect a first signal having a first component that includes a frequency, and the generating stage is configured to generate a data component that includes approximately the frequency in response to the detection of the first signal. The transmission stage is configured to transmit a second signal having the data component while the detection stage is detecting the first signal. For example, two or more such transmitters (e.g., two or more smart phones) may simultaneously transmit OFDM signals on the same subcarrier frequencies and over the same channel space. By allowing the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals on the same frequencies and over the same channel space, such a transmitter may increase the effective bandwidth of the channel space, and thus may allow more devices to simultaneously share the same channel space.

PRIORITY DATA

The present application claims the benefit of priority to the following applications. The present application is a Continuation-in-Part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/284,879, filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,890 filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,894 filed Oct. 29, 2011, and Ser. No. 13/284,898 filed Oct. 29, 2011, each application Ser. Nos. 13/284,879, 13/284,890, 13/284,894, and 13/284,898 claiming the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/495,218, filed Jun. 9, 2011, each application Ser. Nos. 13/284,879, 13/284,890, 13/284,894, and 13/284,898 also being a Continuation-in-Part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/963,569, filed Dec. 8, 2010, application Ser. No. 12/963,569 claiming the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/360,367, filed Jun. 30, 2010, and 61/267,667, filed Dec. 8, 2009, application Ser. No. 12/963,569 also being a Continuation-in-Part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/579,935, filed Oct. 15, 2009, and Ser. No. 12/579,969, filed Oct. 15, 2009, each application Ser. Nos. 12/579,935 and 12/579,969 claiming the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos. 61/158,290, filed Mar. 6, 2009, and 61/105,704, filed Oct. 15, 2008. All of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/560,939, entitled RECOVERING DATA FROM A PRIMARY ONE OF SIMULTANEOUS SIGNALS, SUCH AS ORTHOGONAL-FREQUENCY-DIVISION-MULTIPLEXED (OFDM) SIGNALS, THAT INCLUDE A SAME FREQUENCY filed Jul. 27, 2012, is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/560,947, entitled RECOVERING DATA FROM A SECONDARY ONE OF SIMULTANEOUS SIGNALS, SUCH AS ORTHOGONAL-FREQUENCY-DIVISION-MULTIPLEXED (OFDM) SIGNALS, THAT INCLUDE A SAME FREQUENCY filed Jul. 27, 2012, and all of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

SUMMARY

In an embodiment, a transmitter includes detection, generating, and transmission stages. The detection stage is configured to detect a first signal having a first component that includes a frequency, and the generating stage is configured to generate a data component that includes approximately the frequency in response to the detection of the first signal. The transmission stage is configured to transmit a second signal having the data component while the detection stage is detecting the first signal.

For example, two or more orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) transmitters (e.g., two or more smart phones) may simultaneously transmit signals to the same receiver, or to respective receivers, on the same subcarrier frequencies and over the same channel space. A higher-priority transmitter is configured to transmit a primary OFDM signal that carries pilot symbols on pilot subcarriers and data symbols on data subcarriers. While the higher-priority transmitter is not transmitting an OFDM signal, a lower-priority transmitter is configured to transmit a mono-transmission-mode secondary OFDM signal that carries pilot symbols on the pilot subcarriers and data symbols on the data subcarriers; that is, the secondary OFDM signal has the same format as the primary OFDM signal while the higher-priority transmitter is not transmitting an OFDM signal. But while the higher-priority transmitter is transmitting a primary OFDM signal, the lower-priority transmitter is configured to transmit a simultaneous-transmission-mode secondary OFDM signal that carries pilot symbols and data symbols on the pilot subcarriers, and that carries no data symbols on the data subcarriers (e.g., the data subcarriers of a simultaneous-transmission-mode secondary OFDM signal may have approximately zero energy).

By allowing the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals on the same frequencies and over the same channel space, such transmitters may increase the effective bandwidth of the channel space, and thus may allow more devices (e.g., smart phones) to simultaneously share the same channel space. Furthermore, one or more of such transmitters may be moving relative to their corresponding receivers while simultaneously transmitting signals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an embodiment of base and client orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) transmitter-receivers that are not moving significantly relative to one another while they are communicating with one another.

FIG. 2 is a plot of an embodiment of the frequencies of the carrier signals (solid lines) generated by the presently transmitting transmitter-receiver of FIG. 1, and of the frequency “slots” (dashed lines) that these carrier signals may respectively occupy at the presently receiving transmitter-receiver of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an embodiment of base and client OFDM transmitter-receivers that are moving relative to one another while they are communicating with one another.

FIG. 4 is a plot of an embodiment of the frequencies of carrier signals (solid lines) generated by the presently transmitting transmitter-receiver of FIG. 3, and of the frequency slot (dashed line) that the center one of these plotted carrier signals may occupy at the presently receiving transmitter-receiver of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a plot of an embodiment of the frequencies of carrier signals generated by the presently transmitting transmitter-receiver of FIG. 3, where the carrier signals are grouped into clusters of data-carrier signals (data clusters) and clusters of pilot-carrier signals (pilot clusters).

FIG. 6 is a plot of an embodiment of data clusters and pilot clusters generated by the presently transmitting transmitter-receiver of FIG. 3, where the pilot clusters have a uniform separation.

FIG. 7 is a plot of an embodiment of a pilot cluster.

FIG. 8 is a plot of another embodiment of a pilot cluster.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an embodiment of the receiver of one or both of the base and client transmitter-receivers of FIG. 3.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of OFDM transmitters that may simultaneously transmit signals that include at least one same frequency over a shared transmission-channel space to respective receivers according to an embodiment.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are plots of a primary OFDM signal being transmitted by a higher-priority transmitter, and of a secondary OFDM signal being simultaneously transmitted by a lower-priority transmitter, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a diagram of OFDM transmitters that may simultaneously transmit signals that include at least one same frequency over a shared transmission-channel space to a common receiver according to an embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a diagram of a higher-priority transmitter that may transmit a primary OFDM signal according to an embodiment.

FIG. 14 is a diagram of a lower-priority transmitter that may transmit a secondary OFDM signal according to an embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of the communication channels between the transmitters and receivers of FIG. 10, and of the multiple paths that respectively form each of the channels, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of the communication channels between the transmitters and receiver of FIG. 12, and of the multiple paths that respectively form each of the channels, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 17 is a diagram of a higher-priority receiver that may receive, and recover data from, a primary OFDM signal according to an embodiment.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of the signal-recovery unit of the higher-priority receiver of FIG. 17 according to an embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a diagram of a lower-priority receiver that may receive, and recover data from, a secondary OFDM signal according to an embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a diagram of the simultaneous-transmission-mode data-recovery unit of the receiver of FIG. 19 according to an embodiment.

FIG. 21 is a diagram of a higher-priority receiver that may receive, and recover data from, a primary OFDM signal according to another embodiment.

FIG. 22 is a diagram of a receiver that may operate as a higher-priority receiver or a lower-priority receiver according to an embodiment.

FIG. 23 is a diagram of a receiver that may operate as a higher-priority receiver or a lower-priority receiver according to another embodiment.

FIG. 24 is a diagram of a transmitter-receiver that includes a transmitter, such as the transmitter of FIG. 13 or 14, and a receiver, such as the receiver of FIG. 17, 19, 21, 22, or 23.

FIG. 25 is a diagram of a system that includes a transmitter-receiver, such as the transmitter-receiver of FIG. 24, and a controller.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an embodiment of a base transmitter-receiver 10 and of a client transmitter-receiver 12, which communicates with the base transmitter-receiver over a wireless channel 14 via multicarrier signals (e.g., OFDM signals) while remaining substantially stationary relative to the base transmitter-receiver. For example, the base 10 may be a wireless router in a home or office, and the client 12 may be a computer that communicates with the base via OFDM signals that have N carriers. One or more antennas 16 are coupled to the base 10, and one or more antennas 18 are coupled to the client 12. Each antenna 16 may function as only a transmit antenna, as only a receive antenna, or as a transmit-receive antenna; and each antenna 18 may function similarly. Furthermore, the channel 14 may include Z multiple paths L₀-L_(z-1) over which the multicarrier signals propagate. For example, a first path L₀ may be a straight-line path between the antennas 16 and 18, and a second path L₁ and subsequent paths L₂-L_(Z-1) may each be a respective multi-segmented path that is caused by signal reflections from one or more objects (not shown in FIG. 1) near the base 10 or the client 12, or near or within the channel 14.

FIG. 2 is a frequency plot of some of the N carriers (here, carriers N-a to N-(a-8) are shown in solid line and are hereinafter called “subcarriers”) of an embodiment of an OFDM data symbol 20, which may be transmitted by the base 10 of FIG. 1 and received by the client 12, or vice versa—an OFDM data symbol is a portion of an OFDM signal that is modulated with the same data subsymbols for a symbol period. Each of the subcarriers N-a to N-(a-8) has a respective frequency f_(N-a)-f_(N-(a-8)), and is orthogonal to the other subcarriers. In this context, “orthogonal” means that, in the absence of inter-carrier interference (discussed below) and noise, one may construct a time-domain signal from these modulated subcarriers (e.g., using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)), and then extract these modulated subcarriers, and the information that they carry, from the time-domain signal (e.g., using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)) with no loss of information. Furthermore, although the base 10 is described as transmitting the OFDM signal in the example below, it is understood that this example would be similar if the client 12 were transmitting the OFDM signal.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the transmitter of the base 10 modulates each of at least some of the N subcarriers with a respective data value (hereinafter a data subsymbol) for a time period hereinafter called a symbol period—the transmitter may not use one or more of the N subcarriers due to, for example, excessive interference at the frequencies of these subcarriers. Examples of suitable modulation schemes include binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), the latter two schemes each utilizing multi-bit data subsymbols.

The frequency spacing f_(s) between adjacent ones of the N subcarriers is typically constant, and is conventionally selected to minimize inter-carrier interference (ICI), which is a phenomenon that occurs if energy from one subcarrier “spills over” to the frequency slot of another subcarrier at the receiver of the client 12. At the transmitter of the base 10, each of the active ones of the N subcarriers has a frequency f_(k) (for k=0 to N−1) represented by a respective one of the solid lines (only the frequencies f_(k) for k=N-a to N-(a-8) are shown in FIG. 2). But at the receiver of the client 12, the respective frequency f_(k) of each subcarrier may be effectively shifted within a respective frequency slot 22 indicated by the dashed lines (only the slots 22 of the frequencies f_(k) for k=N-a to N-(a-8) are shown in FIG. 2). For example, at the receiver of the client 12, the frequency f_(N-a) of the subcarrier N-a may be shifted to another location within the frequency slot 22 _(N-a), or may be “spread” over multiple locations within this frequency slot. Causes for this frequency shifting/spreading may include, for example, the existence of multiple transmission paths (e.g., paths L₀-L_(Z-1) for Z>1), and channel conditions (e.g., humidity, temperature) that may effectively shift the respective phase and attenuate the respective amplitude of each modulated subcarrier.

To allow the receiver of the client 12 to recover the data subsymbols in the presence of ICI, other interference, or noise, the transmitter of the base 10 transmits an OFDM training symbol—a “training symbol” is the combination of all the training subsymbols transmitted during a training-symbol period—shortly before transmitting an OFDM data symbol—a “data symbol” is the combination of all of the data subsymbols transmitted during an OFDM data-symbol period. That is, the transmitter of the base 10 transmits the training symbol during a first OFDM symbol period, and transmits the data symbol during a second, subsequent OFDM symbol period. Because the receiver of the client 12 “knows” the identity of the transmitted training symbol ahead of time, the receiver characterizes the channel 14 by comparing the received training symbol with the “known” transmitted training symbol. For example, the receiver may characterize the channel 14 by generating an N×N matrix Ĥ of estimated complex frequency-domain coefficients that respectively represent the estimated frequency response (e.g., the imparted ICI, amplitude attenuation, and phase shift) of the channel at each of the subcarrier frequencies f_(k)—the “^” indicates that a matrix is an estimate of a matrix of actual values, e.g., that Ĥ is an estimate of the actual channel matrix H. As discussed in more detail below, the receiver may then use this channel-estimation matrix Ĥ to recover transmitted data symbols from respective received data symbols.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an embodiment of the base transmitter-receiver 10 and of the client transmitter-receiver 12 of FIG. 1, but where the base and client are moving relative to one another at a non-zero velocity (the velocity may be constant or may be time varying, i.e., an acceleration) while they are communicating with one another, and where like numbers refer to components common to FIGS. 1 and 3. For example, the base 10 may be a cell tower, and the client 12 may be an internet-capable smart phone that is located within a moving automobile 24. The base 10 and the client 12 may communicate with one another according to one or more communications standards that specify OFDM technology for mobile communications. These standards include, for example, the DVB-H standard and the WiMAX standard. Furthermore, although only the client 12 is shown as moving, in other embodiments the base 10 may be moving and the client 12 may be stationary, or both the base and the client may be moving simultaneously.

FIG. 4 is a frequency plot of some of the N subcarriers (here, subcarriers N-a to N-(a-8) in solid line) of an embodiment of an OFDM symbol 25 that may be transmitted by the base 10 of FIG. 1 and received by the client 12, or vice versa. Although the base 10 is described as transmitting the OFDM symbol in the example below, it is understood that this example would be similar if the client 12 were transmitting the OFDM symbol.

At the base 10, the OFDM symbol may be similar to the OFDM symbol of FIG. 2 in that the base modulates each of at least some of the N subcarriers with a respective data subsymbol, and each of the data-modulated ones of the N subcarriers has a center frequency f_(k) represented by a respective one of the solid lines.

But at the receiving client 12, the frequency f_(k) of a subcarrier k may be shifted/spread by one or more times f_(s) as indicated by the frequency slot 26 _(N-(a-4)) of the subcarrier k=N-(a-4) (only this one frequency slot is shown in FIG. 3 for clarity) such that energy from a subcarrier k may spill over to the frequencies of one or more adjacent subcarriers (e.g., k−1, k+1) on either side of the subcarrier k. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, energy from the subcarrier k=N-(a-4) may spill over to the frequencies f_(N-a)-F_(N-(a-3)) and f_(N-(a-5))-f_(N-(a-8)) of the subcarriers k=N-a to N-(a-3) and k=N-(a-5) to N-(a-8).

The frequency shifts/spreads of the received OFDM subcarriers of FIG. 4 may be significantly greater than the frequency shifts/spreads of the received OFDM subcarriers of FIG. 2 because, in addition to the causes for this frequency shifting/spreading described above (e.g., the existence of multiple transmission paths L and channel conditions), the received OFDM subcarriers of FIG. 4 may also experience respective Doppler shifts caused by the relative movement between the base 10 and the client 12.

According to the Doppler Effect, the frequency of a signal at a receiver is different from the frequency of the signal at a transmitter if the receiver and transmitter are moving relative to one another at a non-zero velocity. If the receiver and transmitter are moving away from one another, then the frequency of the signal at the receiver is typically lower than the frequency of the signal at the transmitter; conversely, if the receiver and transmitter are moving toward one another, then the frequency of the signal at the receiver is typically higher than the frequency of the signal at the transmitter. For example, a person (receiver) who is listening to the whistle of an approaching train (transmitter) may experience this phenomenon. While the train is moving toward the person, the person perceives the whistle as having a pitch (frequency) that is higher than the pitch that one on the train would perceive the whistle as having. But after the train passes the person, and is thus moving away from him/her, the person perceives the whistle as having a pitch lower than the pitch that one on the train would perceive the whistle as having.

Consequently, the subcarrier frequencies of the OFDM symbol 25 (FIG. 4) may be influenced by the Doppler Effect in a similar manner at the receiver of the client 12 (FIG. 3).

A measure of the influence that the Doppler Effect has on a single transmitted tone (e.g., an unmodulated subcarrier signal with constant, non-zero amplitude) is the “Doppler Spread”, which is the bandwidth that the tone may occupy at the receiver due to the Doppler Effect. For example, suppose that the frequency of the tone is 1,000 Hz at the transmitter, but that at the receiver, due to the non-zero velocity of the receiver relative to the transmitter, the received tone may have a frequency anywhere from 980 Hz to 1,020 Hz depending on the instantaneous velocity. Therefore, in this example, the Doppler Spread=1020 Hz−980 Hz=40 Hz. That is, the Doppler Spread is (40 Hz)/(1000 Hz)=4% of the frequency of the transmitted tone—although expressed here in Hz and as a percentage of the transmitted frequency, the Doppler Spread may be expressed in other quantities as described below.

For mobile OFDM devices, one may characterize the ICI caused by the Doppler Spread of a subcarrier in terms of the highest number of adjacent subcarriers with which the subcarrier may interfere. For example, the total Doppler induced ICI caused by the 50^(th) (k=50) subcarrier is greater if energy from this subcarrier spills over to the 48^(th), 49^(th), 51^(st), and 52^(nd) subcarriers, and is less if energy from this subcarrier spills over to only the 49^(th) and 51^(st) subcarriers. In actuality, because the Doppler Spread of a subcarrier may cause the subcarrier to spill over energy into many or all of the other N subcarrier slots to some degree, one may set a Doppler Spread interference threshold below which one subcarrier is deemed to be unaffected by the Doppler Spread of another subcarrier; such threshold may have units of, e.g., power or amplitude. Therefore, for a mobile OFDM device, the extent of Doppler induced ICI caused by a subcarrier k may be defined in terms of the number of adjacent subcarriers (above and below the subcarrier k in question) that may experience a level of ICI above the Doppler Spread interference threshold for the device. Furthermore, although in some applications one may assume that all of the subcarriers k experience the same Doppler Spread, in other applications, one may decide not to make this assumption.

Consequently, referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, the frequency slots 26 (only the frequency slot 26 _(N-(a-4)) of the subcarrier N-(a-4) is shown for clarity) each represent the bandwidth that a respective subcarrier transmitted by the base 10 may occupy at the receiving client 12 due to all causes (e.g., the existence of multiple transmission paths L, channel conditions, and Doppler Spread). But when the base 10 and client 12 are moving relative to one another, the greatest contributor to the frequency-slot bandwidth may be the Doppler Spread.

Still referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, because the Doppler Spread of an OFDM signal may vary relatively quickly with time, transmitting a training symbol separately from the data symbol may not allow the receiver of the client 12 to adequately determine the channel-estimation matrix Ĥ for the channel 14 as it exists while the OFDM data symbol is being transmitted.

Consequently, mobile OFDM devices, such as the base 10, may combine training subsymbols and data subsymbols into a single OFDM symbol such that a receiving device, such as the client 12, may characterize the channel 14 for the same time period during which the data subsymbols are transmitted.

FIG. 5 is a frequency plot of some of the N subcarriers k (here, subcarriers k=N-a to N-(a-12)) of an embodiment of an OFDM symbol 28, which may be transmitted by the base 10 (FIG. 3) and received by the client 12 (FIG. 3), or vice versa, where the OFDM symbol includes both training and data subsymbols. Although the base 10 is described as transmitting the OFDM signal in the example below, it is understood that this example would be similar if the client 12 were transmitting the OFDM signal.

The OFDM symbol 28 includes one or more clusters L_(D) of data subcarriers, and one or more clusters L_(P) of training subcarriers, which are hereinafter called “pilot” subcarriers. The transmitter of the base 10 may modulate the pilot subcarriers with respective pilot subsymbols. In an embodiment, the data clusters L_(D) and the pilot clusters L_(P) are arranged in alternating fashion (i.e., one after the other) such that each data cluster L_(D) is separated from adjacent data clusters by at least one pilot cluster L_(P), and such that each pilot cluster L_(P) is separated from adjacent pilot clusters by at least one data cluster, within the OFDM symbol 28. As discussed below in conjunction with FIG. 9, because the client 12 receiver “knows” the pilot subsymbols ahead of time, the client receiver may use the pilot subsymbols to more accurately estimate the channel 14 as it exists while the data subsymbols are being transmitted as compared to using a training symbol transmitted separately from the data symbol to estimate the channel.

In an embodiment, each data cluster L_(D) within the OFDM symbol 28 includes a same first number (e.g., sixteen) of data subcarriers, and each pilot cluster L_(P) within the OFDM symbol includes a same second number (e.g., five or nine) of pilot subcarriers. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 5, the illustrated pilot cluster L_(P) includes five pilot subcarriers k=N-(a-3) to N-(a-7), and the other pilot clusters (not shown in FIG. 5) of the OFDM symbol 28 also each include five respective pilot subcarriers. But in another embodiment, a data cluster L_(D) may include a different number of data subcarriers than another data cluster within the same OFDM symbol, and a pilot cluster L_(P) may include a different number of pilot subcarriers than another pilot cluster within the same OFDM symbol. Furthermore, as discussed above, some of the data subcarriers may be unmodulated by a data subsymbol or may have zero amplitude (i.e., zero energy), and, as discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 7-8, some of the pilot subcarriers may be unmodulated by a pilot subsymbol or may have zero energy. Moreover, a pilot cluster L_(P) or a data cluster L_(D) may “wrap around the ends” of the N subcarriers. For example, if there are N=128 subcarriers (k=0 to 127), then a pilot cluster L_(P) may include five pilot subcarriers k=126, k=127, k=0, k=1, and k=2.

A designer of an OFDM receiver, such as the receiver of the client 12 (FIG. 3), may select the minimum number N_(P) of pilot clusters L_(P) in the OFDM symbol 28, and may select the minimum number L_(PN) of pilot subcarriers k_(P) within each pilot cluster, for an intended application of the receiver based on the generally expected conditions of the communication channel 14 (FIG. 3) and on a desired data-error rate. For example, for an application where the receiver may be used in a moving automobile, a designer may use the generally expected conditions of a communication channel between a ground-based transmitter and receiver that are moving relative to one another at speeds between approximately 0 and 150 miles per hour—although, non-racing automobiles rarely travel at speeds even approaching 150 miles per hour, if the transmitter and receiver are in respective automobiles that are moving in opposite directions, then the speed of one automobile relative to the other automobile may approach or exceed 150 miles per hour. And to maximize the number of data subcarriers in, and thus the data bandwidth of, the OFDM symbol 28, the designer may select the minimum number N_(P) of pilot clusters L_(P), and the minimum number L_(PN) of pilot subcarriers k_(P) within each pilot cluster, that he/she predicts will allow the receiver to estimate the anticipated channel with an accuracy that is sufficient for the receiver to recover data within the desired error rate.

FIG. 6 is a frequency plot of some of the N subcarriers k of an embodiment of the OFDM symbol 28 of FIG. 5, where the frequency (x) axis of FIG. 6 has a lower resolution than the frequency (x) axis of FIG. 5.

In an embodiment, the pilot clusters L_(P) are separated by a uniform separation value P_(sep), which is the distance, measured in the number of subcarriers k, between a pilot subcarrier in a pilot cluster and a corresponding pilot subcarrier in an adjacent pilot cluster. That is, a pilot subcarrier that occupies a relative position within a pilot cluster L_(P) is P_(sep) subcarriers away from a pilot subcarrier that occupies the same relative position within an adjacent pilot cluster. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the center pilot subcarrier (relative position 0) in pilot cluster L_(PS) is separated from the center pilot subcarrier (also relative position 0) in the pilot cluster L_(PS+1) by P_(sep) subcarriers k. Also as shown in FIG. 6, the last pilot subcarrier (relative position +2 in this example) in L_(PS+1) is separated from the last pilot subcarrier (also relative position +2 in this example) in the pilot cluster L_(PS+2) by P_(sep) subcarriers k. And, although not shown in FIG. 6, the very first pilot cluster L_(P0) in the OFDM symbol 28 is separated from the very last pilot cluster L_(P(Np-1)) in the OFDM symbol by P_(sep) when this separation is calculated modulo N—calculating such a separation modulo N yields an accurate separation value if a pilot cluster L_(P) or a data cluster L_(D) “wraps around the ends” of the N subcarriers as discussed above.

FIG. 7 is a frequency plot of an embodiment of a Frequency-Domain Kronecker Delta (FDKD) pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S).

Before substantive characteristics of the pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S) are discussed, a convention for identifying a pilot cluster, such as the pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S), and its pilot subcarriers is discussed. In this convention, P_(b) identifies the relative location of the center subcarrier within the pilot cluster, S identifies the relative location of the pilot cluster within an OFDM symbol, W_(p) is the total number of pilot subcarriers to the left and to the right of the center pilot subcarrier, B_(p) is the number of interior pilot subcarriers to the left and to the right of the center pilot subcarrier, and W_(p)-B_(p) is the number of guard pilot subcarriers G_(p) at each end of the pilot cluster. For example, if a pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S) includes L_(PN)=5 total pilot subcarriers and two guard pilot subcarriers, then W_(p)=(5-1)/2=2, B_(p)=W_(p)−G_(p)=2−1=1, and the pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S) includes pilot subcarriers at the following relative locations: P_(b)−2, P_(b)−1, P_(b), P_(b)+1, and P_(b)+2. And one may convert the relative-location identifiers into absolute-location identifiers by adding S·P_(sep) to each of the relative-location identifiers.

So, continuing with the above example, the pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S) includes pilot subcarriers at the following absolute locations: P_(b)+S·P_(sep)−2, P_(b)+S·P_(sep)−1, P_(b)+S·P_(sep), P_(b)+S·P_(sep)+1, and P_(b)+S·P_(sep)+2. And, therefore, in this example, the pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S) includes the following pilot subcarriers: k_(Pb+s·Psep−2), k_(Pb+S·Psep−1), k_(Pb+S·Psep), k_(Pb+S·Psep+1), and k_(Pb+S·Psep+2). For example, if each pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S) in an OFDM symbol includes L_(PN)=5 pilot subcarriers, P_(sep)=8, and the first pilot subcarrier of the zero^(th) pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) ₀ (S=0) is k₀, then P_(b)=2, W_(p)=2, and the sixth pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) ₆ (S=6 and counting in a direction from the lowest to the highest subcarrier frequency) includes the following pilot subcarriers: k₄₈, k₄₉, k₅₀, k₅₁, and k₅₂.

Still referring to FIG. 7, in an embodiment, the center subcarrier k_(Pb+S·Psep) (solid line in FIG. 7) of an FDKD pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S) is modulated with a non-zero pilot subsymbol, and all of the other subcarriers (dashed lines) have zero energy; that is, all of the other subcarriers are effectively modulated with a zero pilot subsymbol equal to 0+j0. Therefore, in a FDKD pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S), the only energy transmitted within the pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S) is transmitted on the center subcarrier k_(Pb+S·Psep); the remaining subcarriers in the pilot cluster are transmitted with approximately zero energy. But for reasons discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 4, at the receiver, subcarriers of the pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S) other than the center subcarrier may carry significant non-zero energy due to, e.g., Doppler Spread. And, as discussed below in conjunction with FIG. 9, the energy carried by the interior pilot subcarriers at the receiver may allow the receiver to generate an estimate of the communication channel as it exists during transmission of an OFDM symbol, where the estimate takes into account ICI caused by Doppler Spread. The guard pilot subcarriers are included to provide a guard band that may reduce to negligible levels the amount of energy from data subcarriers that “spills over” into the center and interior pilot subcarriers, and vice-versa. One may select the total number L_(PN) of pilot subcarriers and the number G_(P) of guard pilot subcarriers in a pilot cluster L_(P) for a particular application based on the expected Doppler Spread. Typically, the larger the expected Doppler Spread, the larger the total number L_(PN) of pilot subcarriers and the larger the number G_(p) of guard pilot subcarriers, and the smaller the expected Doppler Spread, the smaller the total number L_(PN) of pilot subcarriers and the smaller the number G_(p) of guard pilot subcarriers (G_(p) may even equal zero).

FIG. 8 is a frequency plot of an embodiment of an All-Pilot Pilot Cluster (APPC) L_(PAPPC) _(—) _(S). Unlike the FDKD pilot cluster L_(PFDKD) _(—) _(S) of FIG. 7 in which only the center subcarrier k_(Pb+s·Psep) is modulated with a non-zero pilot subsymbol, in an APPC pilot cluster L_(PAPPC) _(—) _(S), all of the pilot subcarriers (solid lines) k_(Pb+S·Psep−Wp), −k_(Pb+S·Psep+Wp) are modulated with a respective non-zero pilot subsymbol. That is, non-zero energy is transmitted on all of the pilot subcarriers k_(Pb+S·Psep−Wp)−k_(Pb+S·Psep+Wp) within an APPC pilot cluster. Furthermore, the pilot subcarriers k_(Pb+S·Psep−Wp)-k_(Pb+S·Psep+Wp) of an APPC pilot cluster may each be modulated with the same, or with different, pilot subsymbols. And differences between the transmitted pilot subsymbols (which are known ahead of time by the receiver) and the respective received pilot subsymbols may allow the receiver to generate an estimate of the communication channel as it exists during transmission of an OFDM symbol, where the estimate takes into account ICI caused by Doppler Spread.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an embodiment of a receiver 30 for a mobile OFDM device such as the base 10 or client 12 of FIG. 3.

The receiver 30 includes a receive antenna 32, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) unit 34, a channel estimator 36, a data-recovery unit 38, and a data-decoding unit 40. The FFT unit 34, channel estimator 36, data-recovery unit 38, and data-decoding unit 40 may each be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. For example, one or more of the FFT unit 34, the channel estimator 36, the data-recovery unit 38, and the decoder 40 may be implemented on an integrated circuit (IC), and other components, such as a transmitter, may also be implemented on the same IC, either on a same or different IC die. And this IC may be combined with one or more other ICs (not shown in FIG. 9) to form a system such as the base 10 or client 12 of FIG. 3. Or, one or more of these components may be implemented by a software-executing controller such as a processor.

The receive antenna 32 may receive an OFDM signal (i.e., a signal that carries one or more OFDM symbols) from a transmitter, such as the transmitter of the base 10 or client 12 of FIG. 3, where at least some of the subcarriers may experience Doppler Spread. The antenna 32 may also function to transmit an OFDM signal generated by a transmitter (not shown in FIG. 9) of the OFDM device that incorporates the receiver 30. That is, the antenna 32 may function to both receive and transmit OFDM signals.

The FFT unit 34 conventionally converts a received OFDM signal from a time-domain waveform into an N×1 column vector y of complex frequency-domain coefficients (e.g., one complex coefficient for each subcarrier).

The channel estimator 36 estimates the response of the communication channel (e.g., the channel 14 of FIG. 3) from the coefficients of the vector y corresponding to the pilot subcarriers, which, as discussed above in conjunction with FIGS. 5-8, are the subcarriers that compose the training portion of the received OFDM symbol. From these pilot-subcarrier coefficients, the estimator 36 generates an N×N channel-estimation matrix Ĥ of complex frequency coefficients that collectively approximate the effective frequency response H of the communication channel—the effective frequency response may take into account the effect of, e.g., channel conditions such as temperature and humidity, the existence of multiple transmission paths, and the Doppler Spread, at each of the subcarrier frequencies f_(k). Because, as discussed above, the Doppler Spread may cause energy from one subcarrier to spill over into the frequency slot of another subcarrier at the receiver 30, the matrix Ĥ may not be a diagonal matrix—a matrix is diagonal if all of its elements are zero except for the elements that lie along the main diagonal, which extends from the top left corner of the matrix to the bottom right corner. Embodiments of the channel estimator 36, and embodiments of techniques for generating the channel-estimation matrix Ĥ, are discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/284,879, filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,890 filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,894 filed Oct. 29, 2011, and Ser. No. 13/284,898 filed Oct. 29, 2011, which are incorporated by reference.

The data-recovery unit 38 recovers the data carried by the OFDM signal as transmitted by generating an N×1 column vector {circumflex over (x)}, which is an estimation of the OFDM data symbol x carried by the transmitted OFDM signal. That is, {circumflex over (x)} includes complex coefficients (one for at least each data subcarrier) that are estimates of the complex coefficients with which the transmitter modulated the transmitted data subcarriers. The unit 38 may generally recover {circumflex over (x)} according to the following equations: y=Ĥ{circumflex over (x)}+n  (1) Ĥ ⁻¹(y)=Ĥ ⁻¹ Ĥ{circumflex over (x)}+Ĥ ⁻¹ n={circumflex over (x)}+Ĥ ⁻¹ n  (2) where n is an N×1 column vector of Additive-White-Gaussian-Noise (AWGN) complex coefficients at each of the subcarrier frequencies. Because, as discussed above, some of the y coefficients are for pilot subcarriers that are used only for channel-estimation purposes, the elements of Ĥ, {circumflex over (x)}, y, and n that correspond to the N_(P)L_(PN) pilot subcarriers (where N_(P) is the number of pilot clusters L_(P) in an OFDM symbol and L_(PN) is the number of pilot subcarriers per pilot cluster L_(P)) may be discarded prior to calculating Ĥ⁻¹ and solving equation (2) so as to reduce the complexity, and increase the speed, of the calculation of {circumflex over (x)}. Examples of a data-recovery unit and data-recovery techniques that may be used as and by the data-recovery unit 38 are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/579,935 and 12/579,969, which were filed on Oct. 15, 2009 and which are incorporated by reference. And conventional data-recovery units and techniques that may be respectively used as and by the data-recovery unit 38 also exist. Furthermore, additional embodiments of data-recovery units and techniques are discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 19, 22, and 23.

The data-decoding unit 40 effectively uses the {circumflex over (x)} coefficients that correspond to the data subcarriers of the OFDM symbol to demodulate the corresponding data subsymbols, and to thus recover the data represented by the data subsymbols. For example, if the transmitter modulated a data subcarrier by mapping it to a respective QPSK constellation element, then the data decoder 40 QPSK demodulates the data subcarrier to recover the same constellation element, which represents the bits of data carried by the modulated data subcarrier.

Referring back to FIGS. 1 and 3, multiple base transmitter-receivers 10 may communicate with respective client transmitter-receivers 12 over a same channel space using one of a number of conventional techniques to prevent a first signal transmitted by a first transmitter-receiver 10 or 12 from catastrophically interfering with a second signal transmitted by a second transmitter-receiver—a first signal “catastrophically” interferes with a second signal if the first signal renders the intended receiver of the second signal unable to recover data or other necessary information from the second signal.

For example, one such conventional technique is time-division multiplexing, where only one base 10 or client 12 can transmit a signal at any time; that is, time-division multiplexing prevents catastrophic interference by preventing multiple bases or clients from simultaneously transmitting signals. But time-division multiplexing allows signals from multiple bases 10 or clients 12 to occupy a same portion of the frequency spectrum (e.g., use one or more of the same subcarrier frequencies in the case of OFDM signals).

Another such conventional technique is spread spectrum, where each base 10 or client 12 transmits a respective signal over a same portion of the frequency spectrum using a different scrambling code to prevent catastrophic interference. The scrambling codes effectively cause each transmitted signal to include different frequencies while propagating through the channel space even though each signal may use the same subcarrier frequencies before the scrambling code is applied to the signal. But, unlike time-division multiplexing, spread spectrum allows simultaneous transmitting of signals.

Referring to FIGS. 10-23, described is an embodiment of a communication technique that prevents catastrophic interference but that also allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals on the same frequencies in the same channel space without the use of scrambling codes. Therefore, such a technique may provide a channel space with an effective device bandwidth that is greater than the effective device bandwidth that either time-divisional multiplexing or spread spectrum can provide. Here, “device bandwidth” is a measure of the number of devices that can share a channel space.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of a transmit-receive system 40, which includes a shared channel space 42, t transmitters 44 ₀-44 _(t-1), and t receivers 46 ₀-46 _(t-1), which are configured to operate according to an embodiment of the above-described simultaneous-transmission technique, and where the receivers and transmitters may be moving relative to each other. For purposes of explanation, the transmitters 44 are described as transmitting signals, and the receivers 46 are described as receiving signals. But it is understood that the transmitters 44 and receivers 46 may be part of respective transmitter-receivers, and that in such an embodiment, a similar description may apply if the receivers are transmitting signals and the transmitters are receiving the signals. For example, the transmitters 44 may belong to respective smart phones, and the receivers 46 may be respective cell towers or wireless access points.

Each transmitter 44 is coupled to a respective antenna 48, and each receiver 46 is coupled to a respective antenna 50. Alternatively, each antenna 48 may be considered to be a component of the respective transmitter 44, and each antenna 50 may be considered to be a component of the respective receiver 46.

In an embodiment, each receiver 46 is configured to recover data from only a signal transmitted by a corresponding one of the transmitters 44. For example, the receiver 46 ₀ may be configured to recover data from only a signal transmitted by the transmitter 44 ₀, the receiver 46 ₁ may be configured to recover data from only a signal transmitted by the transmitter 44 ₁, and the receiver 46 _(t-1) may be configured to recover data from only a signal transmitted by the transmitter 44 _(t-1).

Furthermore, the transmitters 44 have a hierarchy in which the transmitter 44 ₀ has the highest priority, the transmitter 44 ₁ has the next highest priority, and the transmitter 44 _(t-1) has the lowest priority.

FIG. 11A is a plot of an embodiment of eight OFDM symbols 52 ₀-52 ₇ carried by an OFDM signal 53, which is transmitted by a transmitter 44 (FIG. 10) having a higher priority, and FIG. 11B is a plot of an embodiment of eight OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₇ carried by an OFDM signal 55, which is transmitted by a transmitter 44 having a lower priority. The OFDM symbols 52 and 54 each include subcarriers at the same subcarrier frequencies, and include data clusters L_(D) and pilot clusters L_(P) of the same respective sizes and at the same respective subcarrier locations within the OFDM symbols. For example, if the OFDM symbols 52 ₀-52 ₇ each include N=128 subcarriers k₀-k₁₂₇ at respective frequencies f₀-f₁₂₇, and each include four pilot clusters having five pilot subcarriers each, starting at subcarrier k₁₂, and separated by P_(SEP)=27 modulo<N>, then the OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₇ also each include N=128 subcarriers k₀-k₁₂₇ at the frequencies f₀-f₁₂₇, and also each include four pilot clusters having five pilot subcarriers each, starting at subcarrier k₁₂, and separated by P_(SEP)=27 modulo<N>.

Referring to FIG. 11A, during first and second simultaneous-transmission periods 56 and 58, the OFDM symbols 52 ₀-52 ₂ and 52 ₆-52 ₇ may be conventional, with respective data symbols modulating the data subcarriers in the data clusters L_(D), and with respective pilot symbols modulating the pilot subcarriers in the pilot clusters L_(P)—here, a “data symbol” is the collection of all data subsymbols that modulate the respective data subcarriers in an OFDM signal, and a “pilot symbol” is the collection of all pilot subsymbols that modulate the respective pilot subcarriers in an OFDM signal.

But during a mono-transmission period 60, the OFDM symbols 52 ₃-52 ₅ are not transmitted, i.e., have zero energy at all data and pilot subcarriers.

Referring to FIG. 11B, during the mono-transmission period 60, the OFDM symbols 54 ₃-54 ₅ may be conventional, with respective data symbols modulating the data subcarriers in the data clusters L_(D), and with respective pilot symbols modulating the pilot subcarriers in the pilot clusters L_(P).

But during the first and second simultaneous-transmission periods 56 and 58, the data subcarriers of the OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ and 54 ₆-54 ₇ have zero energy (i.e., are effectively modulated by a data symbol equal to zero) so as not to interfere with the data subcarriers of the OFDM symbols 52 ₀-52 ₂ and 52 ₆-52 ₇ of FIG. 11A; and the pilot clusters L_(P) of each of the OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ and 54 ₆-54 ₇ are modulated by a respective pilot symbol and by a respective one or more data symbols. As discussed in more detail in conjunction with FIG. 16, the pilot and data symbols that modulate the pilot clusters L_(P) of the OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ and 54 ₆-54 ₇ are designed such that the modulated pilot subcarriers of the OFDM signal 55 do not catastrophically interfere with the modulated pilot and data subcarriers of the OFDM signal 53. That is, even if a receiver 46 (FIG. 10) for which the OFDM signal 53 is intended also simultaneously receives the OFDM signal 55, then this receiver can still recover the data carried by the OFDM symbols 52 ₀-52 ₂ and 52 ₆-52 ₇. Similarly, if a receiver 46 for which the OFDM signal 55 is intended also simultaneously receives the OFDM signal 53, then this receiver can still recover the data carried by the OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ and 54 ₆-54 ₇.

Referring to FIGS. 10-11B, the operations of the transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ and of the receivers 46 ₀ and 46 ₁ are described according to an embodiment. In this example, the transmitter 44 ₀ is the higher-priority transmitter, and is called the “primary transmitter,” and the transmitter 44 ₁ is the lower-priority transmitter, and is called the “secondary transmitter.” Furthermore, the “primary” OFDM signal 53 transmitted by the primary transmitter 44 ₀ is intended for only the receiver 46 ₀, which is, therefore, called the “primary receiver;” similarly, the “secondary” OFDM signal transmitted by the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ is intended for only the receiver 46 ₁, which is, therefore, called the “secondary receiver.”

First, the operations of the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ are described.

During the first simultaneous-transmission period 56, the primary transmitter 44 ₀ generates the primary OFDM symbols 52 ₀-52 ₂ by modulating the data clusters L_(D) of each of these primary OFDM symbols with a respective data symbol, and by modulating the pilot clusters L_(P) of each of these primary OFDM symbols with a same pilot symbol.

Also during the first simultaneous-transmission period 56, the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ detects that the primary transmitter 44 ₀ is transmitting the primary OFDM signal 53, and, in response to this detection, generates the secondary OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ by modulating the pilot clusters L_(P) of each of these secondary OFDM symbols with a same pilot symbol and with a respective one or more data symbols, and by causing the data clusters L_(D) of each of these secondary OFDM symbols to have zero energy.

The primary and secondary pilot symbols respectively generated by the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁, and the secondary data symbols generated by the secondary transmitter, during the simultaneous-transmission period 56 are designed to prevent catastrophic interference between the modulated primary pilot subcarriers of the OFDM symbols 52 ₀-52 ₂ and the modulated secondary pilot subcarriers of the OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂.

In an embodiment, such prevention of catastrophic interference may be realized by designing the primary and secondary pilot symbols respectively generated by the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁, and the secondary data symbols generated by the secondary transmitter, to be orthogonal to one another. That is, the primary pilot symbols generated by the primary transmitter 44 ₀ are designed to be orthogonal to the secondary pilot symbols and secondary data symbols generated by the secondary transmitter 44 ₁, the secondary pilot symbols generated by the secondary transmitter are designed to be orthogonal to the primary pilot symbols generated by the primary transmitter and to the secondary data symbols generated by the secondary transmitter, and the secondary data symbols generated by the secondary transmitter are designed to be orthogonal to the primary and secondary pilot symbols respectively generated by the primary and secondary transmitters.

Furthermore, the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ causes the data clusters L_(D) of the secondary OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ to have zero energy during the first simultaneous-transmission period 56 to prevent catastrophic interference between the primary data subcarriers transmitted by the primary transmitter 44 ₀ and the secondary data subcarriers transmitted by the secondary transmitter.

Still referring to FIGS. 10-11B, during the mono-transmission period 60, the primary transmitter 44 ₀ causes the primary data and pilot subcarriers of the OFDM symbols 52 ₃-52 ₅ to have zero energy, which is akin to saying that the primary transmitter transmits no OFDM signal 53 (primary or otherwise) during the mono-transmission period.

Also during the mono-transmission period 60, the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ detects that the primary transmitter 44 ₀ is not transmitting the primary OFDM signal 53.

In response to detecting no primary OFDM signal 53 from the primary transmitter 44 ₀, the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ generates the secondary OFDM symbols 54 ₃-54 ₅ in a conventional manner by modulating the data clusters L_(D) of each of these secondary OFDM symbols with a respective data symbol, and by modulating the pilot clusters L_(P) of each of these secondary OFDM symbols with a same pilot symbol, which may be the same pilot symbol used to modulate the secondary OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ during the first simultaneous-transmission period 56.

During the second simultaneous-transmission period 58, the primary transmitter 44 ₀ generates the primary OFDM symbols 52 ₆-52 ₇ in a manner that is similar to the above-described manner in which the primary transmitter generates the primary OFDM symbols 52 ₀-52 ₂ during the first simultaneous-transmission period 56.

Further during the second simultaneous-transmission period 58, the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ generates the secondary OFDM symbols 54 ₆-54 ₇ in a manner that is similar to the above-described manner in which the secondary transmitter generates the secondary OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ during the first simultaneous-transmission period 56.

Consequently, there is no catastrophic interference between the primary and secondary OFDM signals 53 and 55 during the second simultaneous-transmission period 58.

Still referring to FIGS. 10-11B, the operations of the primary and secondary receivers 46 ₀ and 46 ₁ are described according to an embodiment.

Because the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ transmit the primary and secondary OFDM signals 53 and 55 in the same channel space 42, the primary receiver 46 ₀ may simultaneously receive both the primary and secondary OFDM signals during the first and second simultaneous transmission periods 56 and 58; similarly, the secondary receiver 46 ₁ may simultaneously receive both the primary and secondary OFDM signals during the first and second simultaneous-transmission periods.

But even if the primary receiver 46 ₀ simultaneously receives both of the primary and secondary OFDM signals 53 and 55 during the first and second simultaneous-transmission periods 56 and 58, the primary receiver still is able to recover the data symbols from the primary OFDM symbols 52 ₀-52 ₂ and 52 ₆-52 ₇ because, as discussed above, the pilot symbols of these primary OFDM symbols, and the pilot and data symbols of the secondary OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ and 54 ₆-54 ₇, are designed so as to prevent catastrophic interference between the pilot subcarriers of these primary and secondary OFDM symbols. An example of how the primary receiver 46 ₀ may recover the data symbols from the primary OFDM symbols 52 ₀-52 ₂ and 52 ₆-52 ₇ is discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 17-18 and 21-22.

For similar reasons, even if the secondary receiver 46 ₁ simultaneously receives both of the primary and secondary OFDM signals 53 and 55 during the simultaneous-transmission periods 56 and 58, the secondary receiver still is able to recover the data symbols from the secondary OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ and 54 ₆-54 ₇. An example of how the secondary receiver 46 ₁ may recover the data symbols from the secondary OFDM symbols 54 ₀-54 ₂ and 54 ₆-54 ₇ is discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 19-20 and 22-23.

Still referring to FIGS. 10-11B, the above example may be extended to more than two transmitters 44 transmitting to a respective more than two receivers 46 during the simultaneous-transmitting periods 56 and 58.

In such an extended example, the transmitter with the highest priority would be the primary transmitter, and would transmit a primary OFDM signal like the primary OFDM signal 53, and the remaining transmitters would be secondary transmitters, and would transmit respective secondary OFDM signals like the secondary OFDM signal 55. And to prevent these primary and secondary OFDM signals from catastrophically interfering with one another during simultaneous transmission periods, the primary pilot symbols transmitted by the primary transmitter, the secondary pilot symbols transmitted by the secondary transmitters, and the secondary data symbols transmitted by the secondary transmitters may be orthogonal to one another.

And because the primary and secondary OFDM signals would not catastrophically interfere with one another, the primary receiver can recover data from the primary OFDM signal, and the secondary receivers can recover data from the respective secondary OFDM signals, even if one or more of these receivers simultaneously receives more than one of the OFDM signals over the shared channel space 42.

Furthermore, at least some of the transmitters 44 may operate as both primary and secondary transmitters, and at least some of the receivers 46 may operate as both primary and secondary receivers. For example, the transmitter 44 ₁ and the receiver 46 ₁ may respectively operate as a primary transmitter and a primary receiver while the transmitter 44 ₀ is inactive, and may respectively operate as a secondary transmitter and a secondary receiver while the transmitter 44 ₀ is active.

Still referring to FIGS. 10-11B, alternate embodiments of the transmitters 44, receivers 46, and primary and secondary OFDM signals 53 and 55 are contemplated. For example, the primary and secondary transmitters may prevent catastrophic interference between the primary and secondary OFDM signals 53 and 55 during the simultaneous-transmission periods 56 and 58 using a technique other than orthogonal pilot and data symbols. Furthermore, each transmitter 44 and each receiver 46 may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.

FIG. 12 is a diagram of a transmit-receive system 70, which includes the shared channel space 42, the t transmitters 44 ₀-44 _(t-1), and a receiver 46, where the receiver and one or more of the transmitters may be moving relative to one another. A difference between the system 70 and the transmit-receive system 40 of FIG. 10 is that the system 70 includes only the single receiver 46, which is intended to receive the primary and secondary OFDM signals (such as the OFDM signals 53 and 55 of FIGS. 11A-11B) that are transmitted by all of the transmitters 44 ₀-44 _(t-1). Therefore, the receiver 46 may operate such as described above in conjunction with FIGS. 10-11B and below in conjunction with FIGS. 17-23 to recover data from the primary and secondary OFDM signals transmitted by the transmitters 44 during both simultaneous- and mono-transmission periods (such as the simultaneous-transmission periods 56 and 58 and the mono-transmission period 60 of FIGS. 11A-11B). Furthermore, it is understood that the transmitters 44 and the receiver 46 may be part of respective transmitter-receivers, and that in such an embodiment, the transmitter-receiver to which the receiver 46 belongs may transmit primary or secondary OFDM signals to one or more of the transmitter-receivers that respectively include the transmitters 44.

Alternate embodiments of the transmit-receive system 70 are contemplated. For example, the system 70 may include more than one, but fewer than t, receivers 46, where some of the receivers may be intended to receive OFDM signals from all of the transmitters 44, and others of the receivers may be intended to receive OFDM signals from one or more, but fewer than all, of the transmitters 44.

FIG. 13 is a diagram of an embodiment of a primary transmitter 44, such as the highest-priority transmitter 44 ₀ of FIG. or of FIG. 12. The primary transmitter 44 may generate a primary OFDM signal, such as the primary OFDM signal 53 of FIG. 11A, and may modulate the pilot subcarriers of a primary OFDM symbol (such as the symbol 52 ₀ of FIG. 11A) with a primary pilot symbol (hereinafter called a “pilot-symbol pattern” or a “pilot-symbol-pattern matrix”) P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)), which prevents catastrophic interference between the primary OFDM signal and one or more secondary OFDM signals. In an embodiment, the primary pilot-symbol pattern P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) is orthogonal to the pilot-symbol patterns and the data-symbol patterns that modulate the pilot subcarriers of the secondary OFDM signal(s). All pilot-symbol patterns discussed hereinafter are assumed to be APPC pilot clusters (FIG. 8) unless otherwise noted.

The transmitter 44 includes a pilot generator 80, a data generator 82, a pilot-subcarrier-coefficient generator 84, a data-subcarrier-coefficient generator 86, an Inverse Fourier Transform (IFFT) unit 88, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 90, a modulator and driver 92, and the antenna 48.

The pilot generator 80 may generate pilot subsymbols from pilot information that may include the pilot-symbol pattern P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)), which is in the form of a matrix as discussed further below.

Similarly, the data generator 82 may generate data subsymbols from data information.

The pilot-subcarrier-coefficient generator 84 generates, from each pilot subsymbol, a respective complex frequency-domain coefficient for mapping to the respective pilot subcarrier.

Similarly, the data-subcarrier-coefficient generator 86 generates, from each data subsymbol, a respective complex frequency-domain coefficient for mapping to the respective data subcarrier.

The IFFT unit 88 transforms the pilot-subcarrier coefficients and data-subcarrier coefficients into a digital time-domain waveform.

The DAC 90 converts the digital time-domain waveform into an analog time-domain waveform.

The modulator and driver 92 modulates a carrier signal (e.g., a 5.4 GHz carrier) with the analog waveform, and drives the antenna with the modulated carrier signal.

And the antenna 48 transmits the modulated carrier signal for reception by a receiver such as a primary receiver 46 of FIG. 10. The antenna 48 may also function as a receive antenna if the transmitter 44 is part of a transmitter-receiver device.

In an embodiment, the pilot generator 80 may generate a primary pilot-symbol pattern according to a respective pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) such that each column of P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) is orthogonal to every column of each of the secondary pilot-symbol-pattern matrices P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) and secondary data-symbol-pattern matrices P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), which are generated by the respective secondary transmitters (described below in conjunction with FIG. 14). Such orthogonality is present when the following equation is true: P ^((m)H) P ^((n))=0 for 0≦m≦j−1,0≦n≦j−1,  (3)

where j is the combined number of primary pilot symbols, secondary pilot symbols, and data symbols, m≠n, and P^((m)) and P^((n)) represent the matrices P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)), P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) depending on the values of m and n.

An example of such an orthogonal primary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix is given by the following equation: P _(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ =[f ^((0Z)) ; f ^((0Z)) ; . . . ; f ^((0Z))]  (4) where “0” is the index number (i=0) for the primary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix, f^((0Z)) is a column vector, Z is the number of paths L in each channel between a respective transmitter-receiver pair (in an embodiment it is assumed that each channel always has the same number Z of paths L), and P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ has N_(P) rows (each row represents a pilot cluster) and L_(PN)=2w_(p)+1 identical columns (i.e., f^((0Z)H)f^((0Z))=N_(P)) so as to have a form given by the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {P_{{pilot}\_{primary}}^{(0)} = \begin{bmatrix} p_{{{cluster}\_}{(0)}}^{(0)} \\ \vdots \\ p_{{{cluster}\_}{({N_{p} - 1})}}^{(0)} \end{bmatrix}} & (5) \end{matrix}$ where, the first row p_(cluster) _(—) ₍₀₎ ⁽⁰⁾ of p_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ includes the pilot subsymbols that compose the 0^(th) pilot cluster L_(P) transmitted by the antenna 48, the second row p_(cluster) _(—) ₍₁₎ ⁽⁰⁾ of P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ includes the pilot subsymbols that compose the 1^(st) pilot cluster L_(P) transmitted from the antenna, and the (N_(P)−1)^(th) row p_(cluster) _(—) _((N) _(P) ⁻¹⁾ ⁽⁰⁾ of P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ includes the pilot subsymbols that compose the (N_(P)−1)^(th) pilot cluster L_(P) transmitted from the antenna. In an embodiment, the rows of P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ may be shifted up or down as long as they remain in a sequence 0-N_(P)−1, and the same shift is applied to all of the matrices P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) for 1≦i≦j−1, where j is the combined number of the primary pilot symbol, secondary pilot symbols, and data pilot symbols.

An example of the N_(P)×1 column vector f^((iZ)) is given by the following equation: f ^((iZ))=[1e ^(−j2πΔf) ^(p) ^(iZ) e ^(−j2π2Δf) ^(p) ^(iZ) e ^(−j2π3Δf) ^(p) ^(iZ) . . . e ^(−j2π(N) ^(p) ^(−1)Δf) ^(p) ^(iZ)]^(T)  (6) where

${\Delta\; f_{p}} = {\frac{1}{N_{p}}.}$ Therefore, f ^((0Z))=[1 1 1 1 . . . 1]^(T)  (7)

In another embodiment, the pilot generator 80 may generate a respective primary pilot-symbol pattern according to a respective primary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) such that not only is each column of P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) orthogonal to every column of each of the secondary pilot-symbol-pattern matrices P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) and secondary data-symbol-pattern matrices P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), but each column of P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) is also orthogonal to every other column of the same matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)). Such “dual” orthogonality is present when the following equations are true: P ^((m)H) P ^((n))=0 for 0≦m≦j−1, 0≦n≦j−1, and m≠n, and  (8) f ^((d)H) f ^((v))=0 for 0≦d≦L _(PN)−1, 0≦v≦L _(PN)−1, and d≠v  (9) where f^((u)) are the L_(PN) column vectors that compose P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)).

An example of such pilot-symbol- and data-symbol-pattern matrices with dual orthogonality is given by the following equation: P ^((i)) [f ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+0Z)) ; f ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+1Z)) ; f ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+2Z)) ; . . . ; f ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+(L) ^(PN) ^(−1)Z)] for 0≦i≦j−1  (10) where i is the pattern index, Z is the number of paths L in each channel between a respective transmitter-receiver pair (in an embodiment it is assumed that each channel always has the same number Z of paths L), and P^((i)) has N_(P) rows (each row represents a pilot cluster) and L_(PN)=2w_(p)+1 orthogonal columns such that f^((iL) ^(PN) _(Z+d)H)f^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+v))=0 for d, vε{0, Z, . . . , ((L_(PN)−1)Z)} and d≠v.

An example of an N_(p)×1 column vector f^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+u)) for uε{0, Z, . . . , ((L_(PN)−1)Z)} (this means that “u” is a constant selected from the set of L_(PN) possible elements 0, Z, . . . , (L_(PN)−1)Z) is given by the following equation: f ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(z+u)=[)1e ^(−j2πΔf) ^(p) ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+u)) e ^(−j2π2Δf) ^(p) ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+u)) e ^(−j2π3Δf) ^(p) ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+u)) . . . e ^(−j2π(N) ^(p) ^(−1)Δf) ^(p) ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+u))]^(T)  (11) where

${\Delta\; f_{p}} = {\frac{1}{N_{p}}.}$ Therefore, one may form each vector of the primary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ according to the following equation: f ^((0L) ^(PN) ^(Z+u))=[1 e ^(−j2πΔf) ^(p) ^((u)) e ^(−j2π2Δf) ^(p) ^((u)) e ^(−j2π3Δf) ^(p) ^((u)) . . . e ^(−j2π(N) ^(p) ^(−1)Δf) ^(p) ^((u))]^(T)  (12) where i=0 and uε{0, Z, . . . , ((L_(PN)−1)Z)}. That is, to form the entire matrix P_(pilot) _(—primary) ⁽⁰⁾, one generates the first column of this matrix from equation (12) with u=0, the second column of this matrix from equation (12) with u=Z, the third column of this matrix from equation (12) with u=2Z, . . . , and the L_(PN) ^(th) column of this matrix from equation (12) with u=(L_(PN)−1)Z.

It has been found that such dual-orthogonal pilot-symbol-pattern matrices P^((i)) may improve the performance of a receiver's channel estimator as discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/284,879, filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,890 filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,894 filed Oct. 29, 2011, and Ser. No. 13/284,898 filed Oct. 29, 2011, which are incorporated by reference.

Still referring to FIG. 13, alternate embodiments of the primary transmitter 44 are contemplated. For example, the modulator 92 may be omitted. Furthermore, the functions performed by any of the components of the transmitter 44 may be performed in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software, where the software is executed by a controller such as a processor. Moreover, pilot-symbol patterns and pilot-symbol-pattern matrices other than those described are contemplated.

FIG. 14 is a diagram of an embodiment of a secondary transmitter 44, such as the second-highest-priority transmitter 44 ₁ of FIG. 10 or 12. The transmitter 44 may operate as a primary transmitter, and thus may generate a primary OFDM signal such as the primary OFDM signal 53 of FIG. 11A, while the transmitter is the highest-priority transmitter currently transmitting a signal, and may operate as a secondary transmitter, and thus may generate a secondary OFDM signal such as the secondary OFDM signal 55 of FIG. 11B, while the transmitter is not the highest-priority transmitter currently transmitting a signal. While operating as a primary transmitter, the transmitter 44 may modulate the pilot subcarriers of the primary OFDM symbol (such as the symbol 52 ₀ of FIG. 11A) with a primary pilot-symbol pattern P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) such as discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 13; and while operating as a secondary transmitter, the transmitter 44 may modulate the pilot subcarriers and data subcarriers of the secondary OFDM symbol (such as the symbol 54 ₀ of FIG. 11B) with a secondary pilot-symbol pattern P_(pilot) _(—) secondary^((i)) and with one or more secondary data-symbol patterns P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), which are discussed below. As discussed above, modulating the pilot subcarriers with P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) while the transmitter 44 is operating as a primary transmitter, and with P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) while the transmitter is operating as a secondary transmitter, prevents catastrophic interference between the primary OFDM signal and one or more simultaneously transmitted secondary OFDM signals because, for example, P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)), P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) are orthogonal to one another.

The secondary transmitter 44 includes a pilot-and-data-generating stage 100, a transmission stage 102, a higher-priority-transmission detector 104, and an antenna 48.

The pilot-and-data-generating stage 100 includes a pilot generator 106, a data generator 108, a pilot-subcarrier-coefficient generator 110, a data-subcarrier-coefficient generator 112, and a primary-secondary mode switch 114.

The pilot generator 106 generates pilot information that may include a primary pilot-symbol pattern P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) while the transmitter 44 is operating as a primary transmitter, and that may include a secondary pilot-symbol pattern P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) while the transmitter is operating as a secondary transmitter; P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) and P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) are in the form of matrices as discussed above and below.

Similarly, the data generator 108 generates data subsymbols from data information, and the data subsymbols may collectively be in the form of a data-symbol pattern. While the transmitter 44 is operating as a primary transmitter, the data generator 108 generates a primary data-symbol pattern that is compatible with the data-subcarrier-coefficient generator 112 modulating the data subcarriers with the primary data-symbol pattern; but while the transmitter is operating as a secondary transmitter, the data generator generates one or more secondary data-symbol patterns P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) that are compatible with the pilot-subcarrier-coefficient generator 110 modulating the pilot subcarriers with the secondary data-symbol pattern(s).

While the transmitter 44 is operating as a primary transmitter, the pilot-subcarrier-coefficient generator 110 generates, from each pilot subsymbol provided by the pilot generator 106, a respective complex frequency-domain coefficient for mapping to the respective pilot subcarrier. And while the transmitter 44 is operating as a secondary transmitter, the pilot-subcarrier-coefficient generator 110 generates, from each pilot subsymbol provided by the pilot generator 106 and from each data subsymbol provided by the data generator 108 via the mode switch 114, a respective complex frequency-domain coefficient for mapping to the respective pilot subcarrier.

While the transmitter 44 is operating as a primary transmitter, the data-subcarrier-coefficient generator 112 generates, from each data subsymbol received from the data generator 108 via the mode switch 114, a respective complex frequency-domain coefficient for mapping to the respective data subcarrier. For example, the data-subcarrier-coefficient generator 112 may be similar to the data-subcarrier-coefficient generator 86 of FIG. 13.

The transmission stage 102 includes an Inverse Fourier Transform (IFFT) unit 116, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 118, and a modulator and driver 120, which may be similar to the IFFT unit 88, DAC 90, and modulator and driver 92, respectively, of FIG. 13. But as discussed below, the IFFT unit 116 may increase the power of the pilot subcarriers while the transmitter 44 is operating as a secondary transmitter so that the total power of the secondary OFDM signal may be approximately the same as the total power of a primary OFDM signal that the transmitter generates while operating as a primary transmitter.

The antenna 48 transmits the modulated carrier signal for reception by a receiver such as a primary or secondary receiver 46 of FIG. 10, or by the combined (primary and secondary) receiver 46 of FIG. 12. The antenna 48 may also function as a receive antenna if the transmitter 44 is part of a transmitter-receiver device.

The higher-priority-transmission detector 104 conventionally senses whether a higher-priority transmitter is transmitting within the shared channel space 42 (FIGS. 10 and 12). If the detector 104 senses that a higher-priority transmitter is transmitting, then the detector generates a control signal that causes the pilot generator 106 to generate the secondary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), the data generator 108 to generate one or more secondary data-symbol-pattern matrices P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), and the mode switch 114 to couple the data generator 108 to the pilot-subcarrier-coefficient generator 110. But if the detector 104 does not sense that a higher-priority transmitter is transmitting, then the detector generates a control signal that causes the pilot generator 106 to generate the primary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)), the data generator 108 to generate a primary data-symbol-pattern matrix, and the mode switch 114 to couple the data generator 108 to the data-subcarrier-coefficient generator 112. If the detector 104 first detects that a higher-priority transmitter is transmitting, and then detects that a higher-priority transmitter is not transmitting, then the detector generates a control signal that causes the transmitter 44 to shift from secondary mode to primary mode; conversely, if the detector 104 first detects that a higher-priority transmitter is not transmitting, and then detects that a higher-priority transmitter is transmitting, then the detector generates a control signal that causes the transmitter 44 to shift from primary mode to secondary mode.

In an embodiment, while the transmitter 44 is operating as a primary transmitter, the pilot generator 106 may generate a primary pilot-symbol pattern according to a pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ as discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 13.

And while the transmitter 44 is operating as a secondary transmitter, the pilot generator 106 may generate a secondary pilot-symbol pattern according to a secondary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾, which is orthogonal to P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ for reasons discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 13.

An example of such an orthogonal secondary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix is given by the following equation: P _(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ =[f ^((1Z)) ; f ^((1Z)) ; . . . ; f ^((1Z))]  (13) where i=1 is the secondary pilot-symbol-pattern index number, f^((1Z)) is a column vector, Z is the number of paths L in each channel between a respective transmitter-receiver pair (in an embodiment it is assumed that each channel always has the same number Z of paths L), and P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ has N_(P) rows (each row represents a pilot cluster) and L_(PN)=2w_(p)+1 identical columns (i.e., f^((1Z)H)f^((1Z))=N_(p)) so as to have the following matrix form:

$\begin{matrix} {P_{{pilot}\_{secondary}}^{(1)} = \begin{bmatrix} p_{{{cluster}\_}{(0)}}^{(1)} \\ \vdots \\ p_{{{cluster}\_}{({N_{p} - 1})}}^{(1)} \end{bmatrix}} & (14) \end{matrix}$ where the first row p_(cluster) _(—) ₍₀₎ ⁽¹⁾ of P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ includes the pilot subsymbols that compose the 0^(th) pilot cluster L_(P) transmitted by the antenna 48, the second row p_(cluster) _(—) ₍₁₎ ⁽¹⁾ of P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ includes the pilot subsymbols that compose the 1^(st) pilot cluster L_(P) transmitted from the antenna, and the (N_(p)−1)^(th) row p_(cluster) _(—) _((N) _(P) ⁻¹⁾ ⁽¹⁾ P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ includes the pilot subsymbols that compose the (N_(P)−1)^(th) pilot cluster L_(P) transmitted from the antenna. In an embodiment, the rows of P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ may be shifted up or down as long as they remain in a sequence 0-N_(P)−1, and the same shift is applied to all of the matrices P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) for 1≦i≦j−1, where j is the combined number of the primary pilot symbol, secondary pilot symbol, and data pilot symbol(s).

An example of the N_(P)×1 column vector f^((iZ)) is given by equation (6) above. Therefore, f ^((1Z))=[1e ^(−j2πΔf) ^(p) ^(Z) e ^(−j2π2Δf) ^(p) ^(Z) e ^(−j2π3Δf) ^(p) ^(Z) . . . e ^(−j2π(N) ^(p) ^(−1)Δf) ^(p) ^(Z)]^(T)  (15) where

${\Delta\; f_{p}} = {\frac{1}{N_{p}}.}$

In another embodiment, the pilot generator 106 may generate a respective secondary pilot-symbol pattern according to a respective secondary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) such that not only is each column of P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) orthogonal to each column of the primary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) and the secondary data-symbol-pattern matrix(ces) P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), but each column of P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) is also orthogonal to every other column of the same matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) as discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 13 and equations (8) and (9).

An example of such a secondary pilot-symbol matrix with dual orthogonality is given by the following equation: P _(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ =[f ^((1L) ^(PN) ^(Z+0)) ; f ^((1L) ^(PN) ^(Z+Z)) ; . . . ; f ^((1L) ^(PN) ^(Z+(L) ^(PN) ^(−1)Z))]  (16) per equation (10) above, where i=1 is the secondary pilot-symbol-pattern index number, f^((L) ^(PN) ^(Z+Z)) is a column vector, Z is the number of paths L in each channel between a respective transmitter-receiver pair (in an embodiment it is assumed that each channel always has the same number Z of paths L), and P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ has N_(P) rows (each row represents a pilot cluster) and L_(PN)=2w_(p)+1 different columns.

Per equation (11) above, an example of an N_(p)×1 column vector f^((L) ^(PN) ^(Z+u)) for uε{0, Z, . . . , ((L_(PN)−1)Z)} is given by the following equation: f ^((L) ^(PN) ^(Z+u))=[1 e ^(−j2πΔf) ^(p) ^((L) ^(PN) ^(Z+u)) e ^(−j2π2Δf) ^(p) ^((L) ^(PN) ^(Z+u)) e ^(−j2π3Δf) ^(p) (L ^(PN) ^(Z+u)) . . . e ^(−j2π(N) ^(p) ^(−1)Δf) ^(p) ^((L) ^(PN) ^(Z+u))]^(T)  (17) That is, to form the entire matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽¹⁾, one generates the first column of this matrix from equation (17) with u=0, the second column of this matrix from equation (17) with u=Z, the third column of this matrix from equation (17) with u=2Z, . . . , and the L_(PN) ^(th) column of this matrix from equation (17) with u=(L_(PN)−1)Z.

Still referring to FIG. 14, and further while the transmitter 44 is operating as a secondary transmitter, the data generator 108 may generate one or more secondary data-symbol patterns according to one or more secondary data-symbol-pattern matrices P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), which are each orthogonal to P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ and to P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ for reasons discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 13.

An example of such an orthogonal secondary data-symbol-pattern matrix is given by the following equation: P _(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i))=α_(i) P ^((i)) for i=2→└N _(P) /Z┘  (18) where the “└ ┘” operator indicates that N_(P)/Z is rounded to the nearest integer not greater than N_(P)/Z, where P ^((i)) =[f ^((iZ)) ; f ^((iZ)) ; . . . ; f ^((iZ))]  (19) per equations (4) and (6) above, or P ^((i)) =[f ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+0Z)) ; f ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+1Z)) ; f ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+2Z)) ; . . . ; f ^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+(L) ^(PN) ^(−1)Z)]  (20) per equation (10) above, where α_(i) is given by the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {\alpha_{i} = {\sqrt{\frac{\left( {L_{PN} + L_{DN}} \right)Z}{L_{PN}\left( {N_{P} - {2\; Z}} \right)}}X_{i}}} & (21) \end{matrix}$ and where L_(PN) is the length of each pilot cluster, L_(DN) is the length of each data cluster, Z is the number of paths L in each channel between a transmitter-receiver pair in the shared channel space 42 (FIGS. 10 and 12), N_(P) is the number of pilot clusters in the primary and secondary OFDM symbols, and X_(i) are the data subsymbols that are generated by the data generator 108. In an embodiment, i=2 is the first symbol-pattern index value for the secondary data-symbol-pattern matrices P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) per equation (19) because i=0 is the index value for the primary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) per equation (4), and because i=1 is the index value for the secondary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) per equation (16).

The group of all possible data-symbol-pattern matrices P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) is given by the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {P_{data\_ secondary} = {\sum\limits_{i = 2}^{\lfloor\frac{N_{P}}{Z}\rfloor}{\alpha_{i}P^{(i)}}}} & (22) \end{matrix}$ P_(data) _(—) _(secondary), therefore, may be a sum of multiple secondary data-symbol-pattern matrices P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), where the pilot-subcarrier-coefficient generator 110 modulates the pilot subcarriers of a secondary OFDM symbol with the sum of P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) (where P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) itself may be a sum of j−2 matrices, where j is the total number of primary pilot, secondary pilot, and secondary data matrices).

Each secondary data-symbol-pattern matrix P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) is in the form:

$\begin{matrix} {P_{data\_ secondary}^{(i)} = \begin{bmatrix} p_{{cluster\_}{(0)}}^{(i)} \\ \vdots \\ p_{{cluster\_}{({N_{p} - 1})}}^{(i)} \end{bmatrix}} & (23) \end{matrix}$ where, the first row p_(cluster) _(—) ₍₀₎ ^((i)) of P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) includes the pilot subsymbols that compose the 0^(th) pilot cluster L_(P) transmitted by the antenna 48, the second row p_(cluster) _(—) ₍₁₎ ^((i)) of P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) includes the pilot subsymbols that compose the 1^(st) pilot cluster L_(P) transmitted from the antenna, and the (N_(P)−1)^(th) row p_(cluster) _(—) _((N) _(p) ⁻¹⁾ ^((i)) of P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) includes the pilot subsymbols that compose the (N_(P)−1)^(th) pilot cluster L_(P) transmitted from the antenna. In an embodiment, the rows of each matrix P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) may be shifted up or down as long as they remain in a sequence 0-N_(P)−1, and the same shift is applied to all of the matrices P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾, P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ and any other matrix(ces) P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)).

Still referring to FIG. 14, the operation of the transmitter 44 is described according to an embodiment.

In a primary mode while the detector 104 is not detecting a transmission from a transmitter that has a higher priority, the transmitter 44 generates and transmits a primary OFDM signal such as the primary OFDM signal 53 of FIG. 11A. The pilot generator 106 generates a primary pilot-symbol pattern P_(pilot) _(—primary) ⁽⁰⁾, and the pilot-subcarrier-coefficient generator 110 modulates the pilot subcarriers of each primary OFDM symbol with P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾. Furthermore, the data generator 108 generates primary data-symbol patterns, and the mode switch 114 couples the primary data-symbol patterns to the data-subcarrier-coefficient generator 112, which modulates the data subcarriers of each primary OFDM symbol with a respective one of the primary data-symbol patterns. The IFFT 116 converts the modulated pilot and data subcarriers from the coefficient generators 110 and 112 into a time-domain digital signal, the DAC 118 converts this time-domain digital signal into a time-domain analog signal, and the modulator-driver 120 modulates a carrier signal (e.g., 5.4 GHz) with the time-domain analog signal and drives the antenna 48 with the modulated carrier signal for transmission.

In a secondary mode while the detector 104 is detecting a transmission from a transmitter that has a higher priority, the transmitter 44 generates and transmits a secondary OFDM signal such as the secondary OFDM signal 55 of FIG. 11B. The pilot generator 106 generates a secondary pilot-symbol pattern P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾, the data generator 108 generates secondary data-symbol patterns P_(data) _(—) _(secondary), and the mode switch 114 routes P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) to the pilot-subcarrier-coefficient generator 110, which modulates the pilot subcarriers of each secondary OFDM symbol with both P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ and a respective P_(data) _(—) _(secondary). The IFFT unit 116 converts the modulated pilot subcarriers—the data subcarriers have zero energy—from the coefficient generator 110 into a time-domain digital signal, the DAC 118 converts this time-domain digital signal into a time-domain analog signal, and the modulator-driver 120 modulates a carrier signal (e.g., 5.4 GHz) with the time-domain analog signal and drives the antenna 48 with the modulated carrier signal for transmission. And as discussed above, the IFFT unit 116 may increase the power of the pilot subcarriers relative to the power of the pilot subcarriers of the primary OFDM signal that the transmitter 44 generates while operating as a primary transmitter such that the total power of the secondary OFDM signal is approximately the same as the total power of the primary OFDM signal being transmitted by the higher-priority transmitter.

Still referring to FIG. 14, alternate embodiments of the primary-secondary transmitter 44 are contemplated. For example, there may be more than two transmitters simultaneously transmitting in secondary mode. In such a scenario, the secondary transmitters “share” the available index values for i. Suppose there are two secondary transmitters, and that └N_(P)/Z┘=4. The primary transmitter uses P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ (i=0), the first secondary transmitter uses P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ (i=1) and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽²⁾ (i=2), and the second secondary transmitter uses P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽³⁾ (i=3) and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽⁴⁾ (i=4). Therefore, one can see that └N_(P)/Z┘ effectively sets a limit as to how many secondary transmitters can simultaneously transmit secondary OFDM signals. In such an embodiment, the transmission detector 104 may also detect the number of transmitters transmitting in secondary mode, and indicate whether, based on the value └N_(P)/Z┘, the transmitter 44 is able to simultaneously transmit in secondary mode. If the transmitter 44 has a higher priority than another transmitter that is transmitting, then the transmitter 44 may broadcast a signal that indicates that the transmitter 44 has priority to transmit, and that causes the other transmitter to cease transmitting so as to allow the transmitter 44 to transmit.

In addition, referring to FIGS. 13 and 14, although P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)), P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾, and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) are described as being symbol patterns for APPC pilot clusters (FIG. 8), one may modify one or more of these symbol patterns for use with FDKD pilot clusters (FIG. 7), and may, accordingly, modify one or more of equations (3)-(23), in accordance with known principles. Furthermore, the primary transmitter 44 of FIG. 13 may be omitted from the transmitter-receiver systems 40 (FIG. 10) and 70 (FIG. 12) so that the hierarchy of the transmitters may be periodically changed so that one transmitter is not always the primary transmitter. In addition, one may use the above-described principles to modulate the data clusters with multiple data-symbol patterns to increase the data rate of a transmitter 44.

Before describing in more detail the primary and secondary receivers 46 of FIGS. 10 and 12, a model of the channels between the transmitters 44 and receivers of FIGS. 10 and 12 within the shared channel space 42 is described below in conjunction with FIGS. 15 and 16 according to an embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of the t transmitters 44 and the t receivers 46 of FIG. 10, and of the shared channel space 42 between the transmitters and receivers; the diagram is simplified to include only the antennas 48 and 50 of the transmitters and receivers, respectively. Furthermore, only the configuration and operation of the transmitter-receiver system 40 where the transmitters 44 transmit signals and the receivers 46 receive signals is discussed, it being understood that the configuration and operation of the system where a device including a transmitter 44 receives a signal and a device including a receiver 46 transmits a signal may be similar. In addition, one or more of the transmitters 44 and one or more of the receivers 46 may be moving relative to one another such that a signal propagating between a transmitter and receiver pair may experience Doppler Spread.

As discussed above in conjunction with FIGS. 10, 13, and 14, each transmitter 44 transmits a respective OFDM signal carrying respective OFDM symbols via a respective antenna 48.

Therefore, in the described configuration, the system 40 forms t² multipath transmit channels 130 ₀-130 _(t-1) ² between the respective transmit antennas 48 ₀-48 _(t-1) and the corresponding receive antennas 50 ₀-50 _(t-1). That is, the system 40 includes a respective channel 130 between each transmit antenna 48 ₀-48 _(t-1) and the corresponding receive antenna 50 ₀-50 _(t-1). Furthermore, in an embodiment of the system 40, a designer may assume that each channel 130 has the same number Z of paths L.

Because the channels 130 each include different paths L, the channels may be said to be spatially different or diverse. As described above and as evident from the equations described below in conjunction with FIGS. 17-23, even though the transmitters 44 may transmit t primary and secondary OFDM signals using the same N subcarriers, the spatial diversity of the channels 130, and the orthogonality between the primary pilot symbols, secondary pilot symbols, and secondary data symbols, may allow each receiver 46 to recover the data from the OFDM signal transmitted by a corresponding transmitter 44 with an error rate that may be suitable for many applications, including mobile applications where Doppler Spread may be present.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of the transmitter-receiver system 70 of FIG. 12, in which the number of receivers 46 (here only one receiver 46) is less than t, and in which the number of channels 130 is less than t². For example, where the system 70 includes only one receiver 46, then the system includes t channels 130 ₁-130 _(t-1).

The operations of the receivers 46 of FIGS. 10 and 12 in primary and secondary modes are described below in conjunction with FIGS. 17-23. For example purposes, it is assumed that, unless otherwise noted, the system 40 of FIG. 10 includes a primary transmitter 44 ₀ and one secondary transmitter 44 ₁, includes a primary receiver 46 ₀ for recovering data from a primary OFDM signal transmitted by the primary transmitter, and includes one secondary receiver 46 ₁ for recovering data from a secondary OFDM signal transmitted by the secondary transmitter. Consequently, it is assumed that, unless otherwise noted, there are the following four channels in the channel space 42: a primary-primary (p, p) channel 130 ₀ between the primary transmitter 44 ₀ and primary receiver 46 ₀, a primary-secondary (p, s) channel 130 ₁ between the primary transmitter and the secondary receiver 46 ₁, a secondary-primary (s, p) channel 130 ₂ between the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ and the primary receiver, and a secondary-secondary (s, s) channel between the secondary transmitter and the secondary receiver.

Before describing the primary and secondary receivers 46 ₀ and 46 ₁, some channel-estimation-related quantities, other quantities, and the mathematical relationships between some of these quantities, are described. All of the quantities and relationships described below assume that: (1) APPC pilot clusters L_(P) (FIG. 8) are used unless otherwise noted (embodiments of primary and second receivers 46 ₀ and 46 ₁ that are compatible with FDKD pilot clusters (FIG. 7) are discussed below in conjunction with FIGS. 21 and 23); (2) the pilot clusters L_(P) and the data clusters L_(D) in each primary and secondary OFDM signal from a respective transmitter are in the same relative positions (i.e., include the same subcarriers); and (3) each of the four channels 130 ₀-130 ₃ includes, or is assumed to include, the same number Z of paths L. Furthermore, these quantities, the relationships between these quantities, and related concepts are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/284,879, filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,890 filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,894 filed Oct. 29, 2011, and Ser. No. 13/284,898 filed Oct. 29, 2011, which are incorporated by reference. h _(l) ^((a,b)) =[h _(l) ^((a,b))( s ), . . . , h _(l) ^((a,b))( s+N−1)]^(T)  (24) where h_(l) ^((a,b)) is a column vector that represents the time-domain response of the path 0≦l≦Z of the (a, b) channel during an OFDM symbol period, s is the first sample time after the cyclic prefix in the OFDM symbol (if there is a cyclic prefix), and N is the number of subcarriers k (both pilot and data subcarriers) in the OFDM signal transmitted by the transmit antenna 48 for the (a, b) channel. For example, if N=128 and the cyclic prefix has four samples, then the OFDM signal transmitted by the transmit antenna 48 for the (a, b) channel has a total of 128+4=132 samples, and h_(l) ^((a,b)) includes one hundred twenty eight complex elements corresponding to the time-domain samples taken by the receiver.

In at least some applications, the elements of h_(l) ^((a,b)) may be approximated as fitting a curve such as a straight line. Therefore, the elements of h_(l) ^((a,b)) may be represented in terms of a polynomial that describes the curve. For example, where the curve is a straight line, which one may represent with the linear equation y=mx+b where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-axis intercept, h_(l) ^((a,b)) may be similarly represented in terms of an offset and slope according to the following equation: h _(l) ^((a,b)) =B h _(l) ^((a,b))  (25) where B is a binomial expansion matrix having elements (m, n) arranged in Q columns such that B(m,n)=m^(n) (m is the row number and n is the column number), and h _(l) ^((a,b)) is a scaling column vector having Q rows/elements; consequently, where the fitting curve is a straight line,

$B = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots \\ 1 & {N - 1} \end{bmatrix}$ and h _(l) ^((a,b)) is a column vector with Q=2 elements that respectively represent offset and slope. Because typically Q<<N, h _(l) ^((a,b)) is typically much smaller (e.g., has many fewer elements), and is thus typically easier to manipulate, than h_(l) ^((a,b)).

A concatenation vector ĥ ^((a,b)) of all Z scaling column vectors h _(l) ^((a,b)) for a channel (a, b) is given by the following equation: ĥ ^((a,b)) =[ h ₀ ^((a,b)T) . . . h _(Z-1) ^((a,b)T)]^(T)  (26)

A channel-independent N_(P)×1 column vector P_(p) ^(a), which a receiver 46 may determine or store ahead of time, is given by the following equation: P _(p) ^(a) =[P _(b) +a, P _(b) +P _(sep) +a, . . . , P _(b)+(N _(P)−1)P _(sep) +a] ^(T)  (27) where, as discussed above in conjunction with FIGS. 7-8, P_(b) is the relative center pilot subcarrier of each pilot cluster L_(P) (and, therefore, is the center pilot subcarrier of the zeroth pilot cluster L_(P)), P_(sep) is the pilot-cluster separation, and N_(P) is the number of pilot clusters in a primary OFDM signal and in a secondary OFDM signal. For example, if a signal has N_(P)=3 pilot clusters of L_(PN)=5 pilot subcarriers each, P_(b)=2, and P_(sep)=8, then P_(p) ⁻²=[0, 8, 16], P_(p) ⁻¹=[1, 9, 17], P_(p) ⁰=[2, 10, 18], P_(p) ⁺¹=[3, 11, 19], and P_(p) ⁺²=[4, 12, 20].

A channel-independent (2B_(C)+1)N_(P)×1 master-pilot-subcarrier-index column vector P_(master) _(—) _(pilot), which a receiver 46 may determine or store ahead of time, is given by the following equation: P _(master) _(—) _(pilot) =[P _(p) ^((−B) ^(C) ⁾ ^(T) P _(p) ^((−B) ^(C) ⁺¹⁾ ^(T) . . . P _(p) ^((+B) ^(C) ⁾ ^(T) ]^(T)  (28)

A channel-independent matrix Q (not to be confused with the value Q described above) having the same dimensions N_(P)×L_(PN) as P_(primary) _(—) _(pilot) ^((i)) P_(secondary) _(—) _(pilot) ^((i)), and P_(secondary) _(—) _(data) ^((i)), and which a receiver 46 may determine or store ahead of time, is given by the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {Q = \begin{bmatrix} {P_{b} - w_{p}} & \ldots & {P_{b} + w_{p}} \\ \; & \vdots & \; \\ {P_{b} + {P_{sep}\left( {N_{p} - 1} \right)} - w_{p}} & \ldots & {P_{b} + {P_{sep}\left( {N_{p} - 1} \right)} + w_{p}} \end{bmatrix}} & (29) \end{matrix}$ That is, the matrix 0 includes the subcarrier indices k for the pilot subcarriers corresponding to the pilot clusters in P_(primary) _(—) _(pilot) ^((i)), P_(seconday) _(—) _(pilot) ^((i)), and P_(secondary) _(—) _(data) ^((i)). For example, if a transmitted signal has N_(P)=3 pilot clusters of L_(PN)=5 pilot subcarriers each, P_(b)=2, and P_(sep)=8, then

$Q = {\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ 8 & 9 & 10 & 11 & 12 \\ 16 & 17 & 18 & 19 & 20 \end{bmatrix}.}$

A channel-independent (assuming all pilot clusters are in the same relative positions in all of the transmitted primary and secondary OFDM signals) column vector p_(Q) having dimensions N_(P)L_(PN)×1, and which a receiver 46 may determine or store ahead of time, is given by the following equation: p _(Q) =[k _(P) _(b−) _(w) _(p) . . . k _(P) _(b+) _(P) _(sep) _((N) _(p) _(−1)+w) _(p) ]_(T)  (30) That is, p_(Q) includes the subcarrier indices k of all pilot subcarriers in an OFDM symbol; or, viewed another way, p_(Q) includes the rows of the matrix Q transposed and “stacked” end to end.

A generic pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pat) ^((i)) equals P_(primary) _(—pilot) ^((i)) for a primary receiver 46, and equals P_(secondary) _(—) _(pilot) ^((i)) for a secondary receiver 46. That is, the value of the index i indicates to which pilot pattern P_(pat) ^((i)) is equal in the following equations and relations in which P_(pat) ^((i)) appears.

Channel-dependent 2N_(P)×L_(PN) matrices θ _(l) ^((i)), which a receiver 46 may determine or store ahead of time, are given by the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {{\underset{\_}{\theta}}_{l}^{(i)} = \begin{bmatrix} {\mathbb{e}}^{{- j}\; 2\;\pi\; Q\;\Delta\;{fl}} & \odot & P_{pat}^{(i)} \\ {\mathbb{e}}^{{- j}\; 2\;\pi\; Q\;\Delta\;{fl}} & \odot & P_{pat}^{(i)} \end{bmatrix}} & (31) \end{matrix}$ where Δf=1/N and the “⊙” operator indicates that each e term is formed using a respective element of the matrix Q, each formed e term is multiplied by a corresponding element of the matrix P_(pat) ^((i)), and this procedure is repeated for all N_(P)×L_(PN) elements of Q and P_(pat) ^((i)), resulting in another N_(P)×L_(PN) matrix. For example the (m,n)^(th) element of e^(−j2πQΔfl) is e^(−j2πQ(m,n)Δfl). Then, this resulting matrix is effectively “stacked” on itself to obtain the 2N_(P)×L_(PN) matrix θ _(l) ^((i)).

Channel- and path-dependent N_(P)×L_(PN) matrices R_(l) ^((m,i)), which a receiver 46 may determine or store ahead of time, are given by the following equation for 0≦m≦N_(P)−1: R _(l) ^((m,i))=θ _(l) ^((i))(m→m+N _(P)−1, :)  (32) where “m→m+Np−1” are the rows of θ _(l) ^((i)) used to populate R_(l) ^((m,i)), and “:” indicates that all columns of these rows of θ _(l) ^((i)) are used to populate R_(l) ^((m,i)).

Channel- and path-dependent N_(P)×N_(P)L_(PN) matrices θ_(l) ^((i)) (note there is no underlining beneath “θ”, this lack of underlining distinguishing this matrix from the matrix θ _(l) ^((i)) of equation (31)), which a receiver 46 may determine and/or store ahead of time, are given by the following equation: θ_(l) ^((i)) =[R _(l) ^((0,i)) R _(l) ^((1,i)) . . . R _(l) ^(((N) ^(p) ^(−1),i))]  (33)

j channel-independent N_(P)L_(PN)×N matrices W^((j)), which a receiver 46 may calculate or store dynamically or ahead of time, are given by the following equation for −B_(c)≦j≦+B_(c):

$\begin{matrix} {W^{(j)} = {\frac{1}{N}\begin{bmatrix} {F^{H}\left( {\left\langle {N + \left( {{p_{Q}(0)} - P_{b} - j} \right)} \right\rangle,:} \right)} \\ {F^{H}\left( {\left\langle {N + \left( {{p_{Q}(1)} - P_{b} - j} \right)} \right\rangle,:} \right)} \\ \vdots \\ {F^{H}\left( {\left\langle {N + \left( {{p_{Q}\left( {{N_{P}L_{PN}} - 1} \right)} - P_{b} - j} \right)} \right\rangle,:} \right)} \end{bmatrix}}} & (34) \end{matrix}$ where F is the known Fourier matrix, the “< >” operator indicates a modulo N operation, p_(Q)(n) is the n^(th) element of the vector p_(Q) (equation (30)), P_(b) is the index of the relative center pilot subcarrier of each pilot cluster L_(P) (and the center pilot subcarrier of the zeroth pilot cluster), and “:” indicates all columns of the matrix F^(H) in the indicated rows. Note that the number of rows in each W^((j)) matrix is equal to the number N_(P)L_(PN) of pilot subcarriers in each transmitted primary and secondary OFDM signal.

A receive-antenna-dependent column vector y ^((r)) is given by the following equation: y ^((r)) =y ^(r)(P _(master) _(—) _(pilot))  (35) where y^(r) is the signal received by the r^(th) receiver 46, and “(P_(master) _(—) _(pilot))” (equation (28)) indicates which elements of y^(r) form y ^((r)). For example, if the receiver 46 is the primary receiver, then r=p, and, if there are N_(P)=2 pilot clusters with L_(PN)=5 pilot subcarriers and three (B_(c)=1) non-guard pilot subcarriers located at subcarriers k=0 (guard), k=1, k=2, k=3, k=4 (guard), and k=8 (guard), k=9, k=10, k=11, k=12 (guard), then y ^((r)) would include the following pilot subcarriers of y^(r) in the listed order: k=1, k=9, k=2, k=10, k=3, k=11.

Pilot-symbol-pattern- and path-dependent N_(P)×(2B_(c)+1) row vectors q_(l) ^((i)H), which a receiver 46 may calculate or store dynamically or ahead of time, are given by the following equation: q _(l) ^((i)H) =[f ^((iZ+l)H) . . . f ^((iZ+l)H)]  (36) where f^((iZ+l)H) is a N_(p)×1 row vector that is repeated 2B_(c)+1 times to form q_(l) ^((i)H). An example of f^((iZ+l)) is described above in equation (17) with “iZ” replacing “L_(PN)Z”, and “l” replacing “u”. These values of q_(l) ^((i)H) are suitable for applications where the pilot-symbol-pattern matrices P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ^((i)) and P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) are based on f^((iZ)) per, e.g., equations (4), (6), (7), and (15) above; but the values of q_(l) ^((i)H) may be modified according to known principles if the pilot-symbol-pattern matrices are based on a different function such as f^((iL) ^(PN) ^(Z+u)) of equation (11) above.

Pilot-symbol-pattern- and path-dependent matrices ø_(l) ^((i)), which a receiver 46 may determine or store ahead of time, are given by the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {\varnothing_{l}^{(i)} = {\begin{bmatrix} \theta_{l}^{(i)} & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ 0 & \theta_{l}^{(i)} & \ldots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \ldots & \theta_{l}^{(i)} \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} {W^{({- B_{c}})}B} \\ \vdots \\ {W^{({+ B_{c}})}B} \end{bmatrix}}} & (37) \end{matrix}$

Therefore, one can determine y ^((a,b)) according to the following equation: y ^((a,b))=[ø₀ ^((i))ø₁ ^((i)) . . . ø_(Z-1) ^((i)) ] ĥ ^((a,b))  (38) where y ^((a,b)) represents the signal from transmitter a to receiver b at the pilot subcarriers only (as given by (P_(master) _(—) _(pilot)) per equation (35) above), and ĥ ^((a,b)) is given above by equation (26). For example, y ^((p,p)) represents the signal from the primary transmitter 44 ₀ to the primary receiver 46 ₀ at the pilot subcarriers only (as given by (P_(master) _(—) _(pilot))), y ^((p,s)) represents the signal from the primary transmitter 44 ₀ to the secondary receiver 46 ₁ at the pilot subcarriers only (as given by (P_(master) _(—) _(pilot))), y ^((s,p)) represents the signal from the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ to the primary receiver 46 ₀ at the pilot subcarriers only (as given by (P_(master) _(—) _(pilot))), and y ^((s,s)) represents the signal from the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ to the secondary receiver 46 ₀ at the pilot subcarriers only (as given by (P_(master) _(—) _(pilot))).

FIG. 17 is a diagram of the primary receiver 46 ₀ of FIG. 10 according to an embodiment, and according to the above-described example where there the transmitter-receiver system 40 includes a primary transmitter 44 ₀ for transmitting a primary OFDM signal, a secondary transmitter 44 ₁ for transmitting a secondary OFDM signal, the primary receiver 46 ₀ for recovering data from the primary OFDM signal, and a secondary receiver 46 ₁ for recovering data from the secondary OFDM signal.

The primary receiver 46 ₀ includes an FFT unit 140, a data-recovery unit 142, a data-decoder unit 144, a signal-recovery unit 146, a channel estimator 148, and a signal detector 150.

The FFT unit 140 generates a frequency-domain received-signal column vector y^((p)), and may be similar to the FFT unit 34 described above in conjunction with FIG. 9.

The data-recovery unit 142 recovers data symbols {circumflex over (x)} from the data subcarriers of the primary OFDM signal y^((p,p)), and may be similar to the data-recovery unit 38 described above in conjunction with FIG. 9.

The data-decoder unit 144 decodes the data {circumflex over (x)} recovered by the data-recovery unit 142, and may be similar to the data-decoder unit 40 described above in conjunction with FIG. 9.

The signal-recovery unit 146 recovers the modulated pilot subcarriers y ^((p,p)) of the primary OFDM signal during simultaneous-transmission periods while both the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ (FIG. 10) are respectively transmitting the primary and secondary OFDM signals.

The channel estimator 148 estimates the channel 130 ₀ (FIG. 10) between the primary transmitter 44 ₀ and the primary receiver 46 ₀ (FIG. 10) in response to the modulated pilot subcarriers of the received signal y^((p)) during a mono-transmission period while only the primary transmitter 44 ₀ is transmitting. But during a simultaneous-transmission period while both the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ are transmitting, the channel estimator 148 generates y ^((p)) per equation (35) above, and estimates, per equation (25) above, a concatenation vector ĥ ^((s,p)) that characterizes the channel 130 ₂ between the secondary transmitter and the primary receiver 46 ₀, in response to y^((p)), and estimates the channel 130 ₀ between the primary transmitter and the primary receiver in response to the modulated primary pilot subcarriers y ^((p,p)) recovered by the signal-recovery unit 146.

The signal detector 150 detects, in response to y^((p)), whether both the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ are transmitting. If the detector 150 detects that both the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ are transmitting (i.e., a simultaneous-transmission period), then the detector activates the signal-recovery unit 146 to recover the primary pilot subcarriers y ^((p,p)). But if the detector 150 does not detect that both the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ are transmitting (i.e., a mono-transmission, or a no-transmission period), then the detector deactivates the signal-recovery unit 146 such that the primary receiver 46 ₀ may operate in a conventional manner to recover the data from the data subcarriers of the primary OFDM signal.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of the signal-recovery unit 146 of FIG. 17 according to an embodiment. The time-domain signal y_(primary) _(—) _(receiver) that the primary receiver 46 ₀ receives at the antenna 50 ₀ (FIG. 17) is a combination of the primary and secondary OFDM signals transmitted by the primary and secondary receivers 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ (FIG. 10), respectively. Because the primary OFDM signal carries data on its data subcarriers, and because the secondary pilot-symbol-pattern P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ is an APPC pilot-symbol pattern as discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 8, the primary receiver 46 ₀ effectively recovers the pilot subcarriers of the primary OFDM signal from the combination of these pilot subcarriers and the pilot subcarriers of the secondary OFDM signal so that the primary receiver can use the recovered primary pilot subcarriers to estimate the channel 130 ₀ (FIG. 10) between the primary transmitter 44 ₀ and primary receiver, and, ultimately, to recover the data from the primary data subcarriers in response to the estimated channel. The primary receiver 46 ₀ performs this recovery because the guard subcarriers of the secondary pilot clusters may interfere with the data subcarriers of the primary OFDM signal, and so the primary pilot subcarriers y ^((p,p)) are recovered in a manner that takes such potential interference into account. As discussed below, the primary receiver 46 ₀ recovers the pilot subcarriers of the primary OFDM signal by determining the contribution y ^((s,p)) of the secondary pilot subcarriers to y ^((p)), and then effectively subtracting this contribution from y ^((p)) to yield the primary pilot subcarriers y ^((p,p)).

The signal-recovery unit 146 includes a generator 160 for generating ø_(l) ^((i)) per equation (37) above, a generator 162 for generating quantities δ_(l) ^((i)), a generator 164 for generating α_(i) per equation (21) above, a generator 166 for generating a vector ŷ ^((s,p)) (as discussed above, the “^” indicates that the quantity is an estimate) a generator 168 for generating q_(l) ^((i)H) per equation (36) above, and a generator 170 for generating a vector ŷ ^((p,p)). The signal-recovery unit 146 may also include a memory (not shown in FIG. 18) for storing values for quantities (e.g., scalars, vectors, matrices) that are calculated dynamically or ahead of time as discussed above; alternatively, the memory may be located elsewhere in the primary receiver 46 ₀.

Referring to FIGS. 17 and 18, the operation of the primary receiver 46 ₀ is described according to an embodiment. For example purposes, it is assumed that the pilot-symbol-pattern matrix used by the primary transmitter 44 ₀ is P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾, the pilot-symbol-pattern matrix used by the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ is P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾, and the primary receiver 46 ₀ “knows” that the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ respectively use P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ and P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾. Furthermore, it is assumed that the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ uses all values

$2 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ to generate the data-symbol-patterns P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)).

During a mono-transmission period while only the primary transmitter 44 ₀ (FIG. 10) is transmitting a primary OFDM signal, the signal detector 150 disables the signal-recovery unit 146.

Consequently, the FFT unit 140 may conventionally generate y^((p))=y^((p,p))+n^((p)), where n^((p)) is noise generated by the primary receiver 46 ₀, not by the channel 130 ₀ (FIG. 15)—y^((p))=y^((p,p))+n^((p)) because there is no secondary OFDM signal being received by the primary receiver. And, in response to y^((p,p)), the channel estimator 148 may conventionally generate a channel-estimation matrix Ĥ^((p,p)) for the primary channel 130 ₀ between the primary transmitter 44 ₀ (FIG. 10) and the primary receiver 46 ₀—the channel estimator may account for the noise n^((p)) in a conventional manner, or may ignore it. For example, the channel estimator 148 may operate in a manner similar to the VSSO Kalman MIMO-OFDM channel estimator described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/284,879, filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,890 filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,894 filed Oct. 29, 2011, and Ser. No. 13/284,898 filed Oct. 29, 2011, which are incorporated by reference.

The data-recovery unit 142 may conventionally recover the data symbols {circumflex over (x)} from the data subcarriers of the primary OFDM signal in response to Ĥ^((p,p)), and the data-decoder unit 144 may conventionally decode the recovered data symbols {circumflex over (x)}.

Still referring to FIGS. 17 and 18, during a simultaneous-transmission period while both the primary transmitter 44 ₀ (FIG. 10) and the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ (FIG. 10) are respectively transmitting primary and secondary OFDM signals, the signal detector 150 enables the signal-recovery unit 146.

Consequently, the FFT unit 140 may conventionally generate y^((p))=y^((p,p))+y^((s,p))+n^((p)) and, in response to y^((s,p)), the channel estimator 148 may conventionally generate a concatenation vector ĥ ^((s,p)) per equation (26) above, and may conventionally generate y ^((p)) per equation (35) above. In an embodiment, the channel estimator 148 may be able to generate ĥ ^((s,p)) because the secondary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ is orthogonal to the primary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix pilot P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ as discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 14. For example, the channel estimator 148 may generate ĥ ^((s,p)) in a manner similar to the VSSO Kalman MIMO-OFDM channel estimator described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/284,879, filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,890 filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,894 filed Oct. 29, 2011, and Ser. No. 13/284,898 filed Oct. 29, 2011, which are incorporated by reference.

Next, in response to y^((p)), ĥ ^((s,p)), and y ^((p)), the signal-recovery unit 146 generates ŷ ^((p,p)), as further described below in conjunction with FIG. 18.

Then, in response to ŷ ^((p,p)), the channel estimator 148 may conventionally generate the channel-estimation matrix Ĥ^((p,p)) for the primary channel 130 ₀ (FIG. 15) between the primary transmitter 44 ₀ (FIG. 10) and the primary receiver 46 ₀ in a manner similar to that described above in conjunction with the mono-transmission period.

Next, the data-recovery unit 142 may conventionally recover the data symbols {circumflex over (x)} from the data subcarriers of the primary OFDM signal in response to y^((p)) and Ĥ^((p,p)), and the data-decoder unit 144 may conventionally decode the recovered data symbols.

Referring to FIG. 18, the operation of the signal-recovery unit 146 during a simultaneous-transmission period is described according to an embodiment.

First, the generator 160 generates ø_(l) ^((i)) for

$1 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ and 0≦l≦Z−1 per equation (37) above.

Next, the generator 168 generates (or has previously stored) values for q_(l) ^((i)H) for

$1 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ per equation (36) above.

Then, in response to ø_(l) ^((i)) and q_(l) ^((i)H) for

$2 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ and 0≦l≦Z−1, and in response to ĥ ^((s,p)), the generator 162 generates δ_(l) ^((i)) for

$2 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ and 0≦l≦Z−1 according to the following equation: δ_(l) ^((i)) =q _(l) ^((i)H)ø_(l) ^((i)) ĥ ^((s,p))(lQ→lQ+Q−1)  (39) where (lQ→lQ+Q−1) indicates entries from lQ to lQ+Q−1 of ĥ ^((s,p))

Because y ^((p)) is the combination of y ^((p,p)) and y ^((s,p)), ignoring receiver-induced noise (which may be negligible), the following equations are true: y ^((p)) = y ^((p,p)) + y ^((s,p))  (40) q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((p)) =q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((p,p)) +q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s,p))  (41)

But because P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ is orthogonal to P_(pilot) _(—secondary) ⁽¹⁾ and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)): q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((p,p))=0  (42) for

$1 \leq i \leq {\left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor.}$ Consequently, equation (41) reduces to the following equation for

$1 \leq i \leq {\left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor\text{:}}$ q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((p)) =q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s,p))  (43)

And because q_(l) ^((i)H) and y ^((p)) are known, q_(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s,p)) of equations (41) and (43) are also known for

$1 \leq i \leq {\left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor.}$

Next, the generator 164 generates {circumflex over (α)}_(i) for

$2 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ according to the following equations: {circumflex over (X)} _(i)=Hard Decision of {Σ_(l=0) ^(Z−1)δ_(l) ^((i)*) q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s,p))}  (44) which may be written as follows per equations (41)-(43): {circumflex over (X)} _(i)=Hard Decision of {Σ_(l=0) ^(Z−1)δ_(l) ^((i)*) q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((p))}  (45) where “*” indicates the complex conjugate of δ_(l) ^((i)). Furthermore,

${\hat{\alpha}}_{i} = {\sqrt{\frac{\left( {L_{PN} + L_{DN}} \right)Z}{L_{PN}\left( {N_{P} - {2Z}} \right)}}\hat{X_{i}}}$ (46) where N_(P) is the number of pilot clusters in the primary and secondary OFDM signals, and L_(PN) and L_(DN) are, respectively, the number of pilot subcarriers in a pilot cluster and the number of data subcarriers in a data cluster.

Then, the generator 166 determines an estimate of y ^((s,p)) according to the following equation:

$\begin{matrix} {{\overset{\hat{\_}}{y}}^{({s,p})} = {\left( {\left\lbrack {\varnothing_{0}^{(1)}\mspace{14mu}\ldots\mspace{14mu}\varnothing_{Z - 1}^{(1)}} \right\rbrack + {\sum\limits_{i = 2}^{\lfloor\frac{N_{P}}{Z}\rfloor}{{\hat{\alpha}}_{i}\left\lbrack {\varnothing_{0}^{(i)}\mspace{14mu}\ldots\mspace{14mu}\varnothing_{Z - 1}^{(i)}} \right\rbrack}}} \right){\overset{\hat{\_}}{h}}^{({s,p})}}} & (47) \end{matrix}$

Next, the generator 170 generates an estimate of y ^((p,p)) according to the following equation: ŷ ^((p,p)) = y ^((p)) − ŷ ^((s,p))  (48)

Referring to FIG. 17, as discussed above, the channel estimator 148 generates the channel-estimation matrix Ĥ^((p,p)) in response to ŷ ^((p,p)), and, in response to Ĥ^((p,p)), the data-recovery unit 142 recovers the data {circumflex over (x)} from the data subcarriers of the primary OFDM signal transmitted the primary transmitter 44 ₀ (FIG. 10)

Referring to FIGS. 17 and 18, alternate embodiments of the primary receiver 46 ₀ are contemplated. For example, the primary receiver 46 ₀ may also recover the data carried by the pilot subcarriers of the secondary OFDM signal transmitted by the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ from {circumflex over (X)}_(l), which the signal-recovery unit 146 determines per equation (45) above. Furthermore, the primary receiver 46 ₀ may operate in a manner similar to that described above where there are multiple secondary transmitters 44 transmitting secondary OFDM signals during a simultaneous-transmission period. In addition, the order in which the generators 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, and 170 perform their respective operations may be different than described above. Moreover, because the elements of y ^((p)) are a subset of the elements of y^((p)), then the signal-recovery unit 146 may derive the elements of y ^((p)) directly from the elements of y^((p)) instead of receiving y ^((p)) from the channel estimator 148. In addition, any components of the primary receiver 46 ₀ may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.

FIG. 19 is a diagram of the secondary receiver 46 ₁ of FIG. 10 according to an embodiment, and according to the above-described example where the transmitter-receiver system 40 (FIG. 10) includes a primary transmitter 44 ₀ for transmitting a primary OFDM signal, a secondary transmitter 44 ₁ for transmitting a secondary OFDM signal, a primary receiver 46 ₀ for recovering data from the primary OFDM signal, and the secondary receiver 46 ₁ for recovering data from the secondary OFDM signal.

The secondary receiver 46 ₁ includes an FFT unit 180, a mono-transmission-mode data-recovery unit 182, a simultaneous-transmission-mode data-recovery unit 184, a data-decoder unit 186, a channel estimator 188, and a signal detector 190.

The FFT unit 180 generates a frequency-domain received-signal column vector y^((s)), and may be similar to the FFT units 34 and 140 described above in conjunction with FIGS. 9 and 17, respectively.

The mono-transmission-mode data-recovery unit 182 recovers data {circumflex over (x)} from the data subcarriers of the secondary OFDM signal y^((s,s)) while the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ (FIG. 10) is the only transmitter in the system 40 (FIG. 10) that is transmitting a signal. The mono-transmission-mode data-recovery unit 182 may be similar to the data-recovery units 38 and 142 described above in conjunction with FIGS. 9 and 17, respectively.

The simultaneous-transmission-mode data-recovery unit 184 recovers data {circumflex over (X)}_(i) from the modulated pilot subcarriers y ^((s,s)) of the secondary OFDM signal during simultaneous-transmission periods while both the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ (FIG. 10) are respectively transmitting the primary and secondary OFDM signals.

The data-decoder unit 186 decodes the data {circumflex over (x)}_(i) and {circumflex over (X)}_(i) recovered by the data-recovery units 182 and 184, respectively, and may be similar to the data-decoder units 40 and 144 described above in conjunction with FIGS. 9 and 17, respectively.

The channel estimator 188 generates the channel-estimation matrix Ĥ^((s,s)) for the channel 130 ₃ (FIG. 15) between the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ (FIG. 10) and the secondary receiver 46 ₁ (FIG. 10) in response to the modulated pilot subcarriers of the received signal y^((s)) during a mono-transmission period while only the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ is transmitting. But during a simultaneous transmission period while both the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ are transmitting, the channel estimator 188 generates y ^((s)) per equation (35) above, and estimates, per equation (25) above and in response to y^((s)), a concatenation vector ĥ ^((s,s)) that characterizes the channel 130 ₃.

The signal detector 190 detects, in response to y^((s)), whether both the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ are transmitting. If the detector 190 detects that both the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ are transmitting (i.e., a simultaneous-transmission period), then the detector activates the data-recovery unit 184 to recover the data {circumflex over (X)}_(i) from the secondary pilot subcarriers y ^((s,s)). But if the detector 150 does not detect that both the primary and secondary transmitters 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ are transmitting (i.e., a mono-transmission, or a no-transmission period), then the detector deactivates the data-recovery unit 184 and activates the data-recovery unit 182, which may operate in a conventional manner to recover the data from the data subcarriers of the secondary OFDM signal.

FIG. 20 is a diagram of the simultaneous-transmission-mode data-recovery unit 184 of FIG. 19 according to an embodiment. The time-domain signal y_(secondary) _(—) _(receiver) that the secondary receiver 46 ₁ receives at the antenna 50 ₁ (FIG. 19) is a combination of the primary and secondary OFDM signals transmitted by the primary and secondary receivers 44 ₀ and 44 ₁ (FIG. 10), respectively, during a simultaneous-transmission period. Because the secondary OFDM signal carries data on its pilot subcarriers, the data-recovery unit 184 recovers the data {circumflex over (X)}_(i) from the secondary pilot subcarriers in response to the estimated concatenation vector ĥ ^((s,s)), which characterizes the channel 130 ₃ (FIG. 15) between the secondary transmitter and the secondary receiver 46 ₁.

The data-recovery unit 184 includes a generator 200 for generating matrices ø_(l) ^((i)) per equation (37) above, a generator 202 for generating quantities δ_(l) ^((i)), a generator 204 for generating the data symbols {circumflex over (X)}_(i), and a generator 206 for generating vectors q_(l) ^((i)H) per equation (36) above. The data-recovery unit 184 may also include a memory (not shown in FIG. 20) for storing values for quantities that are calculated dynamically or ahead of time as discussed above; alternatively, the memory may be located elsewhere in the secondary receiver 46 ₁.

Referring to FIGS. 19 and 20, the operation of the secondary receiver 46 ₁ is described according to an embodiment. For example purposes, it is assumed that the pilot-symbol-pattern matrix used by the primary transmitter 44 ₀ (FIG. 10) is P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾, the pilot-symbol-pattern matrix used by the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ (FIG. 10) is P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾, and the secondary receiver 46 ₁ “knows” that the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ uses P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ (the secondary receiver need not “know” that the primary transmitter uses P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ because P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ is orthogonal to P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾). Furthermore, it is assumed that the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ uses all values

$2 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ to generate the data-symbol-pattern matrices P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)).

During a mono-transmission period while only the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ (FIG. 10) is transmitting a secondary OFDM signal, the signal detector 190 disables the data-recovery unit 184.

Consequently, the FFT unit 180 may conventionally generate y^((s))=y^((s,s))+n^((s)), where n^((s)) is noise generated by the secondary receiver 46 ₁, not by the channel—y^((s))=y^((s,s))+n^((s)) because there is no primary OFDM signal being received by the secondary receiver. And, in response to y^((s,s)), the channel estimator 188 may conventionally generate a channel-estimation matrix Ĥ^((s,s)) for the secondary channel 130 ₃ (FIG. 15) between the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ (FIG. 10) and the secondary receiver 46 ₁—the channel estimator may account for the noise n^((s)) in a conventional manner, or may ignore it. For example, the channel estimator 188 may operate in a manner similar to the VSSO Kalman MIMO-OFDM channel estimator described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/284,879, filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,890 filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,894 filed Oct. 29, 2011, and Ser. No. 13/284,898 filed Oct. 29, 2011, which are incorporated by reference.

The data-recovery unit 182 may conventionally recover the data symbols {circumflex over (x)} from the data subcarriers of the secondary OFDM signal in response to Ĥ^((s,s)), and the data-decoder unit 186 may conventionally decode the recovered data symbols {circumflex over (x)}.

Still referring to FIGS. 19 and 20, during a simultaneous-transmission period while both the primary transmitter 44 ₀ (FIG. 10) and the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ are respectively transmitting primary and secondary OFDM signals, the signal detector 190 enables the simultaneous-transmission-mode data-recovery unit 184.

Consequently, the FFT unit 180 may conventionally generate y^((s))=y^((p,s))+y^((s,s))+n^((s)) and, in response to y^((s,s)), the channel estimator 188 may conventionally generate a concatenation vector ĥ ^((s,s)) per equation (26) above, and may conventionally generate y ^((s)) per equation (35) above. In an embodiment, the channel estimator 188 may be able to generate ĥ ^((s,s)) because the secondary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ is orthogonal to the primary pilot-symbol-pattern matrix pilot P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ as discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 14. For example, the channel estimator 188 may generate ĥ ^((s,s)) in a manner similar to the VSSO Kalman MIMO-OFDM channel estimator described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/284,879, filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,890 filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,894 filed Oct. 29, 2011, and Ser. No. 13/284,898 filed Oct. 29, 2011, which are incorporated by reference.

Next, in response to ĥ ^((s,s)) and y ^((s)), the data-recovery unit 184 generates {circumflex over (X)}_(i) as described below in conjunction with FIG. 20.

Referring to FIG. 20, the operation of the data-recovery unit 184 during a simultaneous-transmission period is described according to an embodiment.

First, the generator 200 generates matrices ø_(l) ^((i)) for

$1 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ and 0≦l≦ Z−1 per equation (37) above.

Next, the generator 206 generates (or has previously stored) values for q_(l) ^((i)H) for

$1 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ per equation (36) above.

Then, in response to ø_(l) ^((i)) and q_(l) ^((i)H) for

$2 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ and 0≦l≦Z−1, and in response to ĥ ^((s,s)), the generator 202 generates δ_(l) ^((i)) for

$2 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ and 0≦i≦Z−1 according to the following equation: δ_(l) ^((i)) =q _(l) ^((i)H)ø_(l) ^((i)) ĥ ^((s,s))(lQ→lQ+Q−1)  (49)

Because y ^((s)) is the combination of y ^((p,s)) and y ^((s,s)), the following equations are true: y ^((s)) = y ^((p,s)) + y ^((s,s))  (50) and q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s)) =q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((p,s)) +q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s,s))  (51)

But because P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ is orthogonal to P_(pilots) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)): q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((p,s))=0  (52) for

$1 \leq i \leq {\left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor.}$ Consequently, equation (51) reduces to the following equation for

$1 \leq i \leq {\left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor\text{:}}$ q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s)) =q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s,s))  (53)

And because q_(l) ^((i)H) and y ^((s)) are known, q_(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s,s)) of equations (51) and (53) is also known for

$1 \leq i \leq {\left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor.}$

Next, the generator 204 generates {circumflex over (X)}_(i) for

$2 \leq i \leq \left\lfloor \frac{N_{P}}{Z} \right\rfloor$ according to the following equation: {circumflex over (X)} _(i)=Hard Decision of {Σ_(l=0) ^(Z−1)δ_(l) ^((i)*) q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s,s))}  (54) which may be written as follows per equation (53): {circumflex over (X)} _(i)=Hard Decision of {Σ_(l=0) ^(Z−1)δ_(l) ^((i)*) q _(l) ^((i)H) y ^((s))}  (55) where “*” indicates the complex conjugate of δ_(l) ^((i)).

Referring to FIGS. 19 and 20, alternate embodiments of the secondary receiver 46 ₁ are contemplated. For example, the secondary receiver 46 ₁ may operate in a manner similar to that described above where there are multiple secondary transmitters 44 transmitting secondary OFDM signals during a simultaneous-transmission period. In addition, the order in which the generators 200, 202, 204, 206, and 208 perform their respective operations may be different than described above. Moreover, because the elements of y ^((s)) are a subset of the elements of y^((s)), then the simultaneous-transmission-mode data-recovery unit 184 may derive the elements of y ^((s)) directly from the elements of y^((s)) instead of receiving y ^((s)) from the channel estimator 188. In addition, the components of the secondary transmitter 44 ₁ may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.

FIG. 21 is a diagram of the primary receiver 46 ₀ of FIG. 10 according to an embodiment, and according to an example that is similar to the above example, but where the primary transmitter 44 ₀ and secondary transmitter 44 _(t) use FDKD pilot clusters (FIG. 7) instead of APCC pilot clusters (FIG. 8); that is the center columns of the matrices P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾, and P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾, and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)) are the same as described above in conjunction with FIGS. 14 and 17-20, but all of the other columns of these matrices equal zero. Therefore, the primary receiver 46 ₀ of FIG. 21 may be similar to the primary receiver 46 ₀ of FIG. 17, but without the signal-recovery unit 146 and the signal detector 150. As discussed below, because FDKD pilot clusters are used, the guard subcarriers of the secondary pilot clusters do not interfere with the data subcarriers of the primary OFDM signal, and, therefore, the primary receiver 46 ₀ may effectively “ignore” the secondary OFDM signal because P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ is orthogonal to P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)).

Referring to equation (41) above, because P_(pilot) _(—) _(primary) ⁽⁰⁾ is orthogonal to P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)): q _(l) ^((0)H) y ^((s,p))=0  (56) such that q _(l) ^((0)H) y ^((p)) =q _(l) ^((0)H) y ^((p,p))  (57)

It follows from equation (57) that the channel estimator 148 may determine ĥ ^((p,p)) and Ĥ^((p,p)) without “knowing” P_(pilot) _(—) _(secondary) ⁽¹⁾ and P_(data) _(—) _(secondary) ^((i)), and without even considering the secondary pilot subcarriers of the secondary OFDM signal. For example, the channel estimator 148 may be a VSSO Kalman estimator as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/284,879, filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,890 filed Oct. 29, 2011, Ser. No. 13/284,894 filed Oct. 29, 2011, and Ser. No. 13/284,898 filed Oct. 29, 2011.

Alternate embodiments of the primary receiver 46 ₀ of FIG. 21 are contemplated. For example, components of the primary receiver 46 ₀ may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.

Furthermore, according to the example described in conjunction with FIG. 21 where the primary transmitter 44 ₀ and secondary transmitter 44 ₁ use FDKD pilot clusters (FIG. 7) instead of APCC pilot clusters (FIG. 8), the secondary receiver 46 ₁ of FIGS. 19 and 20 may be used without modification.

FIG. 22 is a diagram of a receiver 210, which may function as a primary receiver and a secondary receiver according to an embodiment where the primary and secondary transmitters 44 respectively transmit primary and secondary OFDM signals that include APCC pilot clusters. One may form the receiver 210 by modifying the receiver 46 ₀ of FIG. 17 to include the simultaneous-transmission-mode data-recovery unit 184 of the receiver 46 ₁ of FIG. 19, by including a channel estimator 212, which performs the above-described operations of the channel estimators 148 and 188 of FIGS. 17 and 19, respectively, by including a data-recovery unit 214, which performs the above-described operations of the data-recovery units 142 and 182 of FIGS. 17 and 19, respectively, and by including a signal detector 216, which performs the above-described operations of the signal detectors 150 and 190 of FIGS. 17 and 19, respectively, which causes the signal-recovery unit 146 and the data-recovery units 184 and 214 to operate appropriately depending on whether the receiver 210 is operating as a primary or secondary receiver and whether the receiver is operating during a mono- or simultaneous-transmission mode. The receiver 210 may include the ability to inform transmitters and other receivers whether it is operating as a primary or secondary receiver, and may include the ability to switch dynamically from primary- to secondary-receiver operation.

Alternate embodiments of the primary-secondary receiver 210 are contemplated. For example, components of the receiver 210 may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.

FIG. 23 is a diagram of a receiver 220, which may function as a primary receiver and a secondary receiver according to an embodiment where the primary and secondary transmitters 44 respectively transmit primary and secondary OFDM signals that include FDKD pilot clusters. One may form the receiver 220 by modifying the receiver 46 ₀ of FIG. 21 to include the simultaneous-transmission-mode data-recovery unit 184 of the receiver 46 ₁ of FIG. 19, by including a channel estimator 222 that performs the above-described operations of the channel estimators 148 and 188 of FIGS. 21 and 19, respectively, by including a data-recovery unit 224 that performs the above-described operations of the data-recovery units 144 and 182 of FIGS. 21 and 19, respectively, and by including a signal detector 226 that performs the above-described operations of the signal detector 190 of FIG. 19 and that causes the data-recovery units 184 and 224 to operate appropriately depending on whether the receiver 220 is operating as a primary or secondary receiver and whether the receiver is operating during a mono- or simultaneous-transmission mode. The receiver 220 may include the ability to inform transmitters and other receivers whether it is operating as a primary or secondary receiver, and may include the ability to switch dynamically from primary- to secondary-receiver operation.

Alternate embodiments of the primary-secondary receiver 220 are contemplated. For example, components of the receiver 220 may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.

FIG. 24 is a diagram of a transmitter-receiver 230, which includes a transmitter 232, a receiver 234, and a transmit-receive antenna 236 according to an embodiment. The transmitter 232 may include a primary transmitter such as the primary transmitter 44 of FIG. 13, a secondary transmitter such as the secondary transmitter 44 of FIG. 14, a combination primary-secondary transmitter, or a combination of primary and secondary transmitters. Similarly, the receiver 234 may include a primary receiver such as the primary receiver 46 ₀ of FIG. 17 or 21, a secondary receiver such as the secondary receiver 46 ₁ of FIG. 19, a primary-secondary receiver such as the primary-secondary receiver 210 or 220 of FIGS. 22 and 23, respectively, or a combination of primary and secondary receivers.

In operation according to an embodiment, the transmitter 232 receives data, and generates a primary or secondary OFDM signal that includes the data as described above in conjunction with FIG. 11A, 11B, 13, or 14. And the receiver 234 receives a primary or secondary OFDM signal that includes data, and recovers the data as described above in conjunction with FIG. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23.

Alternate embodiments of the transmitter-receiver 230 are contemplated. For example, the transmitter-receiver 230 may include components that are omitted from FIG. 24. Furthermore, components of the transmitter-receiver 230 may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software.

FIG. 25 is a diagram of a system 240, which includes the transmit-receiver 230 of FIG. 24 and a controller 242, which controls, and receives information from, the transmitter-receiver according to an embodiment. The controller 242 may be, for example, a microcontroller or a microprocessor, and where the transmitter-receiver 230 and the controller are ICs, the transmitter-receiver and controller may be on a same die or on a different dies.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Furthermore, where an alternative is disclosed for a particular embodiment, this alternative may also apply to other embodiments even if not specifically stated. Moreover, the components described above may be disposed on a single or multiple IC dies to form one or more ICs, these one or more ICs may be coupled to one or more other ICs to form a device such as a transmitter-receiver, and one or more of such devices may be coupled or otherwise used together to form a system. In addition, any described component or operation may be implemented/performed in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Furthermore, one or more components of a described apparatus or system may have been omitted from the description for clarity or another reason. Moreover, one or more components of a described apparatus or system that have been included in the description may be omitted from the apparatus or system. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A transmitter comprising: a detection stage configured to detect a first signal having a first component that includes a frequency; said detection stage configured to operate in a channel space between a primary mode and a secondary mode, with the primary mode corresponding to the detected first signal not being transmitted from a higher priority transmitter, and with the secondary mode corresponding to the detected signal first signal being transmitted from the higher priority transmitter; a pilot-and-data-generating stage comprising a mode switch for selecting between the primary and secondary modes based on said detection stage, and configured to generate a data component that includes approximately the frequency in response to the detection of the first signal; and a transmission stage configured to transmit a second signal having the data component while the detection stage is detecting the first signal; said transmission stage configured to transmit the second signal as a primary signal in the channel space when said detection stage is in the primary mode, and configured to transmit the second signal in the channel space as a secondary signal when said detection stage is in the secondary mode.
 2. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein the first component includes a pilot component.
 3. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein the pilot-and-data-generating stage is configured to generate the data component by modulating, with data, a pilot component that includes approximately the frequency.
 4. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein: the first component includes a pilot subcarrier modulated with a pilot subsymbol; and the pilot-and-data-generating stage is configured to generate the data component by modulating another pilot subcarrier having approximately the frequency with at least one data subsymbol that is approximately orthogonal to the pilot subsymbol.
 5. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein: the first component includes a pilot subcarrier modulated with a pilot subsymbol; and the pilot-and-data-generating stage is configured to generate the data component by modulating another pilot subcarrier having approximately the frequency with data subsymbols that are each approximately orthogonal to each other and to the pilot subsymbol.
 6. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein: the first component includes a pilot subcarrier modulated with a pilot subsymbol; and the pilot-and-data-generating stage is configured to generate the data component by modulating another pilot subcarrier having approximately the frequency with at least one data subsymbol and with another pilot subsymbol that are each approximately orthogonal to the pilot subsymbol.
 7. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein: the first component includes a pilot subcarrier modulated with a pilot subsymbol; and the pilot-and-data-generating stage is configured to generate the data component by modulating another pilot subcarrier having approximately the frequency with at least one data subsymbol and with another pilot subsymbol that are each approximately orthogonal to each other and to the pilot subsymbol.
 8. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein: the first component includes pilot subcarriers modulated with a pilot pattern, the pilot subcarriers having respective frequencies, one of the respective frequencies being the first frequency; and the pilot-and-data-generating stage is configured to generate the data component by modulating other pilot subcarriers having approximately the respective frequencies with at least one data pattern and with another pilot pattern that are each approximately orthogonal to the pilot pattern.
 9. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein: the first component includes pilot subcarriers modulated with a pilot pattern, the pilot subcarriers having respective frequencies that include the first frequency; and the pilot-and-data-generating stage is configured to generate the data component by modulating other pilot subcarriers having approximately the respective frequencies with at least one data pattern and with another pilot pattern that are each approximately orthogonal to each other and to the pilot pattern.
 10. The transmitter of claim 1 wherein: the pilot-and-data-generating stage is configured to generate another data component including another frequency in response to the detector not detecting the first signal; and the transmission stage is configured to transmit a third signal having the other data component while the detection stage is not detecting the first signal.
 11. The transmitter of claim 10 wherein the pilot-and-data-generating stage is configured to generate the other data component by modulating, with data, a data subcarrier that includes approximately the other frequency.
 12. The transmitter of claim 1, further comprising: at least one antenna coupled to the detection stage and to the transmission stage; wherein the detection stage is configured to receive the first signal via the at least one antenna; and wherein the transmission stage is configured to transmit the second signal via the at least one antenna.
 13. A transmitter-receiver comprising: a transmitter comprising a detection stage configured to detect a first signal having a first component that includes a frequency, said detection stage configured to operate in a channel space between a primary mode and a secondary mode, with the primary mode corresponding to the detected first signal not being transmitted from a higher priority transmitter, and with the secondary mode corresponding to the detected signal first signal being transmitted from the higher priority transmitter, a pilot-and-data-generating stage comprising a mode switch for selecting between the primary and secondary modes based on said detection stage, and configured to generate a data component that includes approximately the frequency in response to the detection of the first signal, and a transmission stage configured to transmit a second signal having the data component while the detection stage is detecting the first signal said transmission stage configured to transmit the second signal as a primary signal in the channel space when said detection stage is in the primary mode, and configured to transmit the second signal in the channel space as a secondary signal when said detection stage is in the secondary mode; and a receiver configured to receive a third signal.
 14. The transmitter-receiver of claim 13, further comprising at least one antenna coupled to the transmitter and to the receiver.
 15. A system comprising: a transceiver comprising a transmitter comprising a detection stage configured to detect a first signal having a first component that includes a frequency, said detection stage configured to operate in a channel space between a primary mode and a secondary mode, with the primary mode corresponding to the detected first signal not being transmitted from a higher priority transmitter, and with the secondary mode corresponding to the detected signal first signal being transmitted from the higher priority transmitter, a pilot-and-data-generating stage comprising a mode switch for selecting between the primary and secondary modes based on said detection stage, and configured to generate a data component that includes approximately the frequency in response to the detection of the first signal, and a transmission stage configured to transmit a second signal having the data component while the detection stage is detecting the first signal, said transmission stage configured to transmit the second signal as a primary signal in the channel space when said detection stage is in the primary mode, and configured to transmit the second signal in the channel space as a secondary when said detection stage is in the secondary mode; a receiver configured to receive a third signal; and an integrated circuit coupled to the transceiver.
 16. The system of claim 15, further comprising: a die; and wherein at least a portion of the transceiver and at least a portion of the integrated circuit are disposed on the die.
 17. The system of claim 15, further comprising: respective dies; wherein at least a portion of the transceiver is disposed on one of the dies; and wherein at least a portion of the integrated circuit is disposed on another of the dies.
 18. The system of claim 15 wherein the integrated circuit includes a controller.
 19. A method comprising: detecting using a detection stage a signal being transmitted by a transmitter, the signal having a component that includes a frequency, the detection stage operating in a channel space between a primary mode and a secondary mode, with the primary mode corresponding to the detected first signal not being transmitted from a higher priority transmitter, and with the secondary mode corresponding to the detected signal first signal being transmitted from the higher priority transmitter; generating, using a pilot-and-data-generating stage comprising a mode switch for selecting between the primary and secondary modes based on the detection stage, a data component that includes approximately the frequency in response to sensing the signal; and transmitting a second signal having the data component while sensing the signal, with the second signal being transmitted as a primary signal in the channel space when the detection stage is in the primary mode, and with the second signal being transmitted in the channel space as a secondary signal when the detection stage is in the secondary mode.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the component of the signal includes at least one pilot subcarrier.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein generating the data component includes modulating with one or more data symbols at least one pilot subcarrier that includes approximately the frequency.
 22. The method of claim 19 wherein the component includes a pilot subcarrier modulated with a pilot subsymbol; and generating includes generating the data component by modulating another pilot subcarrier having approximately the frequency with one or more data subsymbols that are each approximately orthogonal to each other and to the pilot subsymbol.
 23. The method of claim 19 wherein the component includes a pilot subcarrier modulated with a pilot subsymbol; and generating includes generating the data component by modulating another pilot subcarrier having approximately the frequency with one or more data subsymbols and with another pilot subsymbol that are each approximately orthogonal to each other and to the pilot subsymbol.
 24. The method of claim 19 wherein the component includes pilot subcarriers modulated with a pilot symbol, the pilot subcarriers having respective frequencies that include the first frequency; and generating includes generating the data component by modulating other pilot subcarriers having approximately the respective frequencies with one or more data symbols and with another pilot symbol that are each approximately orthogonal to each other and to the pilot symbol.
 25. The method of claim 19, further comprising: modulating with data a data subcarrier that includes another frequency in response to the signal not being sensed; and transmitting with the other transmitter another signal having the modulated data subcarrier while the signal is not being sensed.
 26. A tangible non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing apparatus, cause the computing apparatus to perform the following: detecting in a detecting stage a signal being transmitted by a transmitter, the signal having a component that includes a frequency, the detection stage operating in a channel space between a primary mode and a secondary mode, with the primary mode corresponding to the detected first signal not being transmitted from a higher priority transmitter, and with the secondary mode corresponding to the detected signal first signal being transmitted from the higher priority transmitter; generating, using a pilot-and-data-generating stage comprising a mode switch for selecting between the primary and secondary modes based on the detection stage, a data component that includes approximately the frequency in response to sensing the signal; and transmitting a second signal having the data component while sensing the signal, with the second signal being transmitted as a primary signal in the channel space when the detection stage is in the primary mode, and with the second signal being transmitted in the channel space as a secondary signal when the detection stage is in the secondary mode. 